Chapter 5

Question 1

two meaning of Analogy

Answer 1

1. history: change within morphological paradigms
2. syntactical analogy: how change is based on existing expressions rather than rules.

Question 2

Morphological analogy definition

Answer 2

Re making of a word based on similarity to other existing words. it may seem unpredictable but with a broader view we can see patterns. it targets one item at a time (it is not like phonological changes , sound changes, that targets all the lexicon with similarly conditioned words)

Question 3

cognitive process of analogy

Answer 3

it does not happen only based on one set of words, the other sets exist in our memory.
analogical change is not necessarily based pn proportional or four part analogy

Question 4

analogical levelling

Answer 4

new form eliminate alternation that existed in the old forms. create uniformity and regularity.

Question 5

examples of Analogical levellings

Answer 5

dreamed, kneeled, creeped, leaped, weeped

Question 6

what happened in the levelling of the Vs?

Answer 6

as result of GVS clusters ending in a t, got their vowel shortened.

this isnt like the regular form replaces the old form. both exist in corpora. sometime the old form dissapears. sometime the old form gets another meaning

Question 7

old forms have different meaning

Answer 7

old, older, elder, eldest.
the comparative of old used to be elder. now elder and superlative eldest are present in some contexts like when we talk about siblings.

Question 8

regularisation and overregularization

Answer 8

adults use levelling to regularise. children use levelling as overregularisation

Question 9

iconicity

Answer 9

long forms are used in slowly moving action. short form suggest completed action

Question 10

How creep is different, ring

Answer 10

creep is from a noun as intransitive verb. (give someone the creeps)

Question 11

regularisation and frequency

Answer 11

more frequent: less regularise

Question 12

Regularisation Derivational Vs

Answer 12

when V is derived from noun it is regularised to maintain its connection to the Noun. (Creeped, Ringed)

Question 13

What are creeped and Riged examples for

Answer 13

not analogical levelling, but new Vs derived from Ns.

Question 14

Why Dreamed and not Sept

Answer 14

Productivity. -ed is a productive pattern

Question 15

Type Frequency of Construction

Answer 15

when a construction (like -ed), has high type frequency, it is more productive

Question 16

OE situation(Vowel change anf taking -ed), about strong Vs and Weak ones. how -ed became the prodictive form

Answer 16

Grammaticalisation: strong Vs undergo vowel change. weak verbs combined by did. -id comes from the combination of weak verbs with did and loosing a consonant. then more and more verbs were borrowed. grammaticalised. and then some of strong verbs went under regularisation

Question 17

other mechanism that resulted in more suffixed verbs

Answer 17

loss of strong verbs: hrinan, Milan

Question 18

productivity of suffixes:

Answer 18

suffixes compete for productivity, in OE we had dom, hood, ship and ness . ness were more productive than other forms, however there were words that took all three affixes.

Question 19

Hypothesis in analogical change

Answer 19

high frequency forms are more resistant to changes based on analogy and serve as basis for this kind of change.

Question 20

cognitive reasont for the direction of analogical change?
cognetively, why more frequent Ws are less lekely to be regularized

Answer 20

every token of a w strengthen the representation of that structure and word in the memory

Question 21

paradigms resisting analogical alternation

Answer 21

Ns that have their plural forms based on the change of the vowel. foot, feet- man: men-

Question 22

suppletion definition

Answer 22

1. any kind of synchronic irregularity in the stem forms within a paradigmm
2. paradigms whose members originnaly came from other lexical stems

Question 23

Go: Went

Answer 23

Suppletion: went was the past form of wend. now past form of wend is wended. and went it the only past form of go.

Question 24

different type of Suppletion Paradigms in Languages

Answer 24

1. Most Ls that have some suppletion have only few instances of it
2. Suppletive paradigms are amongst most frequently used paradigms
3. certain categories are being expressed by suppletive forms

Question 25

Suppletion of Nouns

Answer 25

Singular Plural: Person: people
man, woman , child in their meanings in different languages.

Question 26

Adjective suppletion

Answer 26

good, better, best. bad, worse, worst. Bonus meliorism Optimus, manus Pelior messimus

Question 27

Suppletin in Vs

Answer 27

come, Gyere

Question 28

Morphological Reanalysis

Answer 28

Reanalyzation fits the definition of analogical change. some of the phonological material happening in a sequence is assigned to a different morpheme or Word. (apron, from a Napron - nickname from an EKENAME),

Question 29

Morpological Reanalysis other names

Answer 29

MISSEGMENTATION. - Morphologica rearrangement - re interpretation

Question 30

Extreme case of Missegmentation

Answer 30

Led to making a new affix. Alcoholic = alcohol + ic. made the colic affix for addictions: Chocholic - Workaholic - foodaholic

Question 31

What are Psudo - Stems

Answer 31

Stems like Fooda or Choke that are made from missegmentation by colic

Question 32

folk etymology

Answer 32

motivation for reanalysis
Missegmentation
Hamburger

Question 33

differences between sound change and analogical change

Answer 33

1.articulatory habits vs cognitive level of generalization
2.high frequency in sound change vs low frequency in analogical change
3.all word of the language are being targeted in the sound change, vs one word at a time is being targeted during analogical changes
4.sound change is governed by phonological factors vs analogy is governed by semantic factors and phonological similarity at the same time.
5. sound change is regular and makes irregularity, analogy is irregular and makes generalise regularity

Question 34

what is the reason that some Vs undergo regularisation and some don’t

Answer 34

strong memory representation in Hugh frequency tokens, because they are easy to access.

Question 35

what answers the question about what regular pattern will be?

Answer 35

productivity of patterns. productivity is the likelihood that the pattern happen to a new item . more frequent patterns are more productive

Question 36

what are the characteristics of the Ns that don’t undergo generalization

Answer 36

they have high frequency. their plural form has a higher frequency than their regular form.

Question 37

example of suppletion in Nouns

Answer 37

Person - People
child
woman
man

Question 38

weird thing about suppletion

Answer 38

some suppletive forms take place of other forms which were originally suppletive themselves.

Question 39

example of reanalysis

Answer 39

napkin, apron, nickname, alcoholic

Question 40

what is folk etymology as motivation of the reanalysis

Answer 40

folk etymology tries to establish the meaning of the whole constraint from the meaning of the parts.

Question 41

what kind of words are subjects to folk etymology

Answer 41

borrowed words are usually subject to folk etymology

Question 42

what is backformation

Answer 42

a change through morphological reanalysis. when people take out what seems to be an affix from the W. cherry and Pea originally came from French and had s. Orientate came from orientation when people took out the ion
televise came from television.