Chapter 5 Flashcards
Analogical Change
two meaning of Analogy
- history: change within morphological paradigms
- syntactical analogy: how change is based on existing expressions rather than rules.
Morphological analogy definition
Re making of a word based on similarity to other existing words. it may seem unpredictable but with a broader view we can see patterns. it targets one item at a time (it is not like phonological changes , sound changes, that targets all the lexicon with similarly conditioned words)
cognitive process of analogy
it does not happen only based on one set of words, the other sets exist in our memory.
analogical change is not necessarily based pn proportional or four part analogy
analogical levelling
new form eliminate alternation that existed in the old forms. create uniformity and regularity.
examples of Analogical levellings
dreamed, kneeled, creeped, leaped, weeped
what happened in the levelling of the Vs?
as result of GVS clusters ending in a t, got their vowel shortened.
this isnt like the regular form replaces the old form. both exist in corpora. sometime the old form dissapears. sometime the old form gets another meaning
old forms have different meaning
old, older, elder, eldest.
the comparative of old used to be elder. now elder and superlative eldest are present in some contexts like when we talk about siblings.
regularisation and overregularization
adults use levelling to regularise. children use levelling as overregularisation
iconicity
long forms are used in slowly moving action. short form suggest completed action
How creep is different, ring
creep is from a noun as intransitive verb. (give someone the creeps)
regularisation and frequency
more frequent: less regularise
Regularisation Derivational Vs
when V is derived from noun it is regularised to maintain its connection to the Noun. (Creeped, Ringed)
What are creeped and Riged examples for
not analogical levelling, but new Vs derived from Ns.
Why Dreamed and not Sept
Productivity. -ed is a productive pattern
Type Frequency of Construction
when a construction (like -ed), has high type frequency, it is more productive
OE situation(Vowel change anf taking -ed), about strong Vs and Weak ones. how -ed became the prodictive form
Grammaticalisation: strong Vs undergo vowel change. weak verbs combined by did. -id comes from the combination of weak verbs with did and loosing a consonant. then more and more verbs were borrowed. grammaticalised. and then some of strong verbs went under regularisation
other mechanism that resulted in more suffixed verbs
loss of strong verbs: hrinan, Milan
productivity of suffixes:
suffixes compete for productivity, in OE we had dom, hood, ship and ness . ness were more productive than other forms, however there were words that took all three affixes.
Hypothesis in analogical change
high frequency forms are more resistant to changes based on analogy and serve as basis for this kind of change.
cognitive reasont for the direction of analogical change?
cognetively, why more frequent Ws are less lekely to be regularized
every token of a w strengthen the representation of that structure and word in the memory
paradigms resisting analogical alternation
Ns that have their plural forms based on the change of the vowel. foot, feet- man: men-
suppletion definition
- any kind of synchronic irregularity in the stem forms within a paradigmm
- paradigms whose members originnaly came from other lexical stems
Go: Went
Suppletion: went was the past form of wend. now past form of wend is wended. and went it the only past form of go.
different type of Suppletion Paradigms in Languages
- Most Ls that have some suppletion have only few instances of it
- Suppletive paradigms are amongst most frequently used paradigms
- certain categories are being expressed by suppletive forms
Suppletion of Nouns
Singular Plural: Person: people
man, woman , child in their meanings in different languages.
Adjective suppletion
good, better, best. bad, worse, worst. Bonus meliorism Optimus, manus Pelior messimus
Suppletin in Vs
come, Gyere
Morphological Reanalysis
Reanalyzation fits the definition of analogical change. some of the phonological material happening in a sequence is assigned to a different morpheme or Word. (apron, from a Napron - nickname from an EKENAME),
Morpological Reanalysis other names
MISSEGMENTATION. - Morphologica rearrangement - re interpretation
Extreme case of Missegmentation
Led to making a new affix. Alcoholic = alcohol + ic. made the colic affix for addictions: Chocholic - Workaholic - foodaholic
What are Psudo - Stems
Stems like Fooda or Choke that are made from missegmentation by colic
folk etymology
motivation for reanalysis
Missegmentation
Hamburger
differences between sound change and analogical change
1.articulatory habits vs cognitive level of generalization
2.high frequency in sound change vs low frequency in analogical change
3.all word of the language are being targeted in the sound change, vs one word at a time is being targeted during analogical changes
4.sound change is governed by phonological factors vs analogy is governed by semantic factors and phonological similarity at the same time.
5. sound change is regular and makes irregularity, analogy is irregular and makes generalise regularity
what is the reason that some Vs undergo regularisation and some don’t
strong memory representation in Hugh frequency tokens, because they are easy to access.
what answers the question about what regular pattern will be?
productivity of patterns. productivity is the likelihood that the pattern happen to a new item . more frequent patterns are more productive
what are the characteristics of the Ns that don’t undergo generalization
they have high frequency. their plural form has a higher frequency than their regular form.
example of suppletion in Nouns
Person - People
child
woman
man
weird thing about suppletion
some suppletive forms take place of other forms which were originally suppletive themselves.
example of reanalysis
napkin, apron, nickname, alcoholic
what is folk etymology as motivation of the reanalysis
folk etymology tries to establish the meaning of the whole constraint from the meaning of the parts.
what kind of words are subjects to folk etymology
borrowed words are usually subject to folk etymology
what is backformation
a change through morphological reanalysis. when people take out what seems to be an affix from the W. cherry and Pea originally came from French and had s. Orientate came from orientation when people took out the ion
televise came from television.
