ch4, interaction of sound change and grammar

Question 1

why sound change is important?

Answer 1

sounds are used in morphemes, words and phrases, it is more that just changing pronunciation

Question 2

effect of regularity of sound change

Answer 2

it happens within morphological paradigm, it is regular, some voices are being changed in an environment and some don’t.

Question 3

example of sound change in old English

Answer 3

voiceless fricatives become voiced between sonorants. seofon = seven , heafig= heavy Lufian= love

Question 4

how sound change works in morphological paradigm

Answer 4

some instances of a morpheme undergoes change and some do not. in some morphologically related words this sound change makes alternation: Wife = Wives

Question 5

Definition of Alternation

Answer 5

in some instances, some variation of morphed undergo change because of sound change and some do not. Wife = wives Thiefe = Thieves. calf, house, bath, path, roof.

Question 6

Alternation because of sound change: how is it related to phonology

Answer 6

it is not related to phonological conditioning because the phonological condition does not exist anymore. (the fricative is not intervocalic anymore)

Question 7

what glasses and kissing show

Answer 7

sound change is not a phonologically productive condition anymore, the sound does not change in this word.

Question 8

what happens after sound change is completed or Obsolete

Answer 8

the words does not with switch back to their previous conditions. the sound change becomes permanent effect in the words that underwent change while that change was happening.

Question 9

alternation in inflectional paradigms

Answer 9

because change happenes in morphologically related words (singular- plural forms of a word)

Question 10

variations in morphemes

Answer 10

allomorphs - alternation in the paradigm - derivationally affected: give - gift

Question 11

Alternation can either have:

Answer 11

1. phonetic conditioning when the sound change is still alive
2. morphologic or lexical conditioning. (alternation happens in plural and nor possesive)

Question 12

Lexical conditioning

Answer 12

not all similar words undergo alternation: Grass, Chief, Myth

Question 13

you just know, irregularity

Answer 13

lexical conditioning of sound change

Question 14

most common direction of change

Answer 14

from phonetic to morphology

Question 15

which alternations always go together

Answer 15

lexical and morphological

Question 16

what does it mean that being morphologised

Answer 16

when a alternation becomes part of a paradigm, it stands for the meaning that that form within the paradigm has. it becomes morphologized meaning that alternation that was ruled by phonology is associated morphologically.

Question 17

why the direction from phonology to morphology

Answer 17

language is used to express meaning
changes that start for phonetic reason start to be associated with meanings.

Question 18

derivational change example

Answer 18

shortening of the vowels in Middle English

Question 19

derivational change example

Answer 19

ME vowel shortening. happens for the third syllable from the end, because this syllable is usually the affix. vowel shortening became associated with the affix. (crime, criminal, vain, vanity, sign, signify, )

Question 20

how do we know that this change is morphologized?

Answer 20

because there are words that did not undergo these changes: obese: obesity , pirate: piracy

Question 21

what do exceptions show?

Answer 21

the change is unproductive,

Question 22

what show that a change became unproductive

Answer 22

exceptions and variaions

Question 23

example of syntactic alternation

Answer 23

a, an, coming from ein: one

Question 24

evidence of alternation syntactically

Answer 24

reanalysing nickname

Question 25

what happens in nickname regarding direction

Answer 25

direction of morphologically conditiond alternation is opposite of the sound change. it is not like n is added, historically a deletion

Question 26

inverted directionality

Answer 26

possesive, plural and past suffixes. synchronical analysis: adding vowel because it hs more restricted conditions. historically: the vowel was there, deletion of unstressed vowel happened.

Question 27

what are exceptions

Answer 27

strong indicators that the result of language change is morphologized and the change is not active on phonetic basis.

Question 28

example of exceptions that show morphological changes which stopped

Answer 28

borrowed words: word that were borrowed before 14th century have undergone change. (voiced fricative between two vowels.) (geyser) the words that are borrowed after 14th century have not handergone changes. (phonological conditions were the same) (fifer) (mathematics)

Question 29

Neogrammarian Hyphothesis

Answer 29

sound change is blind to everything except phonetics. sound change is regular, applies to all the lexical items that have the same conditions regardless of lexical or grammatical factors. it means that there is no change that only happens in verbs or nouns, it also indicates that there should not be any exceptions.

Question 30

What false Negrammarian Hypothese

Answer 30

language change targets more frequent word sooner than the other words.

Question 31

is negrammarian right at the end

Answer 31

yes because at the end grammar or lexical categories are never the things that make change