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chapter 8 Flashcards

Transport systems in multicellular animals

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1
Q

what are elastic fibres

A

stretch and recoil and allows for flexibility

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2
Q

what is collagen

A

structural support

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3
Q

what is smooth muscle

A

changes size of lumen
contracts and relaxes

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4
Q

arteries

A

oxygenated blood away from heart
apart from heart to lungs pulmonary artery
contains smooth muscle, elastic fibres and collagen
the endothelium lining is smooth so blood can flow easily
lumen endothelium elastic muscle collagen

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5
Q

veins

A

away from the cells into the heart
de oxygenated blood
apart from the lungs to the heart (Pulmonary vein)
don’t have a pulse
low pressure
valves
muscles contract to squeeze the blood out
breathing acts as a pump which moves blood through veins to heart
wide lumen with smooth endothelium
elastic fibres, muscle and collagen
venules link capillaries to veins

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6
Q

capillaries

A

lumen is small so single file red blood cells
capillary walls made of endothelial cells
blood from areoles is oxygenated
blood going to he venules is has less oxygen and more CO2
single endothelial cell thick for diffusion
large surface area
rate of blood flow is low which means more time for diffusion

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7
Q

why do we need a specialised transport system

A

high metabolic demands (need O2 food and need to get rid of waste products like CO2)
SA:V ratio gets smaller as the animal gets bigger so diffusion and absorption wont transport enough
hormones needed to be transported from places round body

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8
Q

open circulatory system

A

few vessels
pumped straight from heart to body cavity (haemocoel)
low pressure
direct contact to tissues and cells for exchange
returns to the heart through open ended vessels
blood is called haemolymph
doesn’t transport O2 or CO2 as that’s spiracles
transports food and nitrogenous waste products (urea)

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9
Q

closed circulatory system

A

enclosed in blood vessels
no direct contact with cells
diffuses through vessel walls
blood pigment carries gas

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10
Q

single closed circulatory system

A

blood only travels once through the heart
heart - gills - body - heart
capillaries at body and gills allows for diffusion
low pressure so more time for diffusion
takes long time to get back to the heart

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11
Q

double closed circulatory system

A

animals with high metabolic needs
most efficient system
2 separate systems:
-heart to lungs picks up O2 and
releases CO2 then back to heart
-from heart round body then back to
heart
only passes through one set of capillaries so high pressure and fast flow of blood

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12
Q

what are the functions of blood

A

O2 and CO2 from and to cells
digested food from intestine
nitrogenous waste gone
chemical messages
platelets to damaged areas
cells and antibodies
food molecules from storage compounds

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13
Q

what is lymph

A

it’s made up of the tissue fluid that does not return to he blood
transported through lymph cappilleries
squeezing of body muscles move lymph which
returns to veins
lymph nodes produce lymphocytes
they also detect bacteria and debris
enlarged lyph nodes means the body is fighting against pathogens.

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14
Q

diastole

A

heart relaxes
pressure is building as blood enters either atium or venticles
arteries has low pressure

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15
Q

systole

A

atrium and venricles contracts
pressure is very high in heart
at end of systole pressure is low in heart and blood pressure in arteries are high pressure

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16
Q

the heart sound

A

“lub-dub”
“lub” is the bi and tricuspid valves as blood is forced aginst it as ventricle squeezes (contracts)
“dub” is the backflow of blood on the semilunar valves in he aorta and pulmonary valves

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17
Q

tachychardia

A

fast heart beat 100+
excersise, fever or frightened

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18
Q

brachycardia

A

slow heart beat 60-
fit and healthy

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19
Q

ectopic heartbeat

A

extra beats out of rythem
happens once a day on average

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20
Q

atrial fibrilation

A

abnormal rythem
atria contract very fast 400 per minute
not fully contracted
not effective

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21
Q

Plasma

A

The main component in blood. A yellow fluid containing many dissolved substances and carrying the blood cells.

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22
Q

platelets

A

Components of large cells (megakaryocytes), found in bone marrow, involved in clotting mechanisms.

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23
Q

What substance in plasma cant pass through the capillary walls?

A

large plasma proteins

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24
Q

Why does water move into the blood in the capillaries from the surrounding fluids

A

Blood has large plasma proteins that cannot leave through the capillaries, this gives the blood a high solute potential and low water potential which means water moves in by osmosis.

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25
Q

Oncotic pressure

A

The tendency of water to move into the blood by osmosis as a result of the plasma proteins.

26
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure created by water in a closed system

27
Q

Composition of tissue fluid

A

Dissolved substances, white blood cells, platelets
No red blood cells no plasma protein

28
Q

What is dissolved in plasma and tissue fluid?

A

Glucose, amino acids, mineral ions, hormones

29
Q

Lymph composition

A

Similar to plasma and tissue fluid
Less oxygen and fewer nutrients
Also has fatty acids

30
Q

Lymph capillaries

A

Join to form larger vessels. Move by the squeezing of muscle. Have one way valves. Eventually return to the blood into the right and left subclavian vein

31
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that make up the specific immune system. They build up in the lymph node and when necessary produce antibodies which then pass into the blood

32
Q

Lymph node

A

They intercept bacteria and debris from the lymph. Contains phagocytes to ingest the bacteria.
Enlarges lymph nodes = the body id fighting invading pathogens.

33
Q

How do oxygen and haemoglobin bind, what do they form?

A

Hb + 4O2 — Hb(O2)4
Haemoglobin + Oxygen — Oxyhaemoglobin
It is a reversible reaction`

34
Q

How many oxygen molecules can haemoglobin bind to at once?

A

4

35
Q

High affinity

A

Oxygen can bind easily to the haemoglobin but struggles to be released.

36
Q

Low affinity

A

Oxygen finds it hard to bind but can be released easily

37
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve

A

Shows how saturated the haemoglobin molecule is with oxygen at any given partial pressure

38
Q

How saturated the haemoglobin is depends on

A

Whether it has a high or low affinity

39
Q

When the first oxygen molecules binds what happens?

A

Causes a change to the structure of the haem group with makes it easier for the next oxygen molecules to bind

40
Q

Why is the oxygen dissociation graph an S shape?

A

Difficult for the first oxygen to bind, then easier for the next ones as the haem group has changed shape then it is hard again as the haemoglobin becomes more saturated

41
Q

Steep parts of the oxygen dissociation curve mean that

A

O2 binding is easy as haemoglobin has a high affinity

42
Q

Shallow sections o the oxygen dissociation curve mean that

A

O2 binding is difficult as haemoglobin has low affinity

43
Q

A shift of the curve to the right means

A

The haemoglobin has a low affinity for oxygen.

44
Q

The Bohr effect

A

The shift of the oxygen dissociation curve to the right.
the greater the concentration of CO2, the more readily haemoglobin releases O2

45
Q

What does a greater concentration of CO2 mean?

A

The more readily haemoglobin releases O2

46
Q

What happens to the partial pressure of Co2 during exercise

A

The partial pressure increased because cells respire and release CO2

47
Q

What happen to the curve during exercise?

A

`It shifts to the right

48
Q

What happens to the rate of dissociation during exercise? why?

A

Greater concentration of CO2 in respiring tissues = dissociation happens faster

49
Q

What happens to the affinity of haemoglobin during exercise?

A

Its low and oxygen can dissociate easily

50
Q

How does a fetus get oxygen from its mother?

A

Oxygenated blood from the mother runs closely to the deoxygenated blood from the fetus in the placenta. Fetal blood has a higher affinity for oxygen that mother = removes oxygen from mothers blood as they pass.

51
Q

3 ways that carbon dioxide is transported

A
  1. Dissolved in the plasma
  2. Combined with haemoglobin
    3.Converted into hydrogen carbonate
52
Q

What is the reaction that happens between CO2 and H2O

A

CO2 + H2O <—> H2CO3 <—> H+ + HCO3-
Carbon dioxide + Water — Carbonic acid — (dissociates) — hydrogen +hydrogen carbonate

53
Q

What is the enzyme involves in the formation of carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

54
Q

What makes oxygen move into the red blood cells when in the lungs

A

When they first enter they have low levels of oxygen = steep concentration gradient between cell and air in the alveoli = moves in and binds to haemoglobin

55
Q

What happens when the oxygen enters the red blood cell?

A

Oxygen binds to the haemoglobin which changes the shape of the haem group which makes it easier for the next oxygen molecule to bind

56
Q

Oxygen dissociation curve

A

Percentage saturation haemoglobin in blood and partial pressure of oxygen are plotted. It shows the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen

57
Q

What are the results of the Bohr effect

A

In active tissues with high partial pressure of CO2 = haemoglobin gives up its oxygen
In the lungs where the proportion of CO2 in the air is low, oxygen binds to the haemoglobin molecules easily

58
Q

What happens in the lungs if the level of CO2 rises?

A

Oxygen binds to haemoglobin molecules easily

59
Q

What happens in active tissues of the level of CO2 increases

A

Haemoglobin gives up its oxygen more easily

60
Q

Why does oxygen move from the maternal blood to the fetal blood

A

Fetal blood has higher affinity for oxygen

61
Q

Carbaminohaemoglobin

A

Carbon dioxide and haemoglobin combine

biology (10 decks)

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