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chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the 8 things a bacteria cell has (prokaryotic)

A

pili
flagella
capsule
cell wall
cell membrane
DNA strand
plasmid
cytoplasm

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2
Q

what are the 11 things an animal cell has

A

cytoplasm
cell membrane
ribosome
RER
SER
nucleus
mitochondria
lysosome
centriole
cytoskeleton
golgi apparatus

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3
Q

what are the 11 things a plant cell has

A

mitochondria
chloroplasts
cell wall
cell membrane
vacuole
cytoplasm
ribosomes
SER
RER
nucleus
golgi apparatus

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4
Q

function of the nucleus

A

stores genetic information
controls cells activities
holds instructions to create proteins
nuclear pores on nuclear envelope allow for RNA to leave and enter

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5
Q

what is the function of a nucleolus

A

makes ribosomes
RNA is then used to make rRNA for protein synthesis

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6
Q

what is the function of a cell membrane

A

made of lipids and proteins (phospholipid layer)
regulates ins and outs of the cell
has receptors to respond to hormones/chemicals

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7
Q

what is the function of the chloroplast

A

small and flat
double membrane
granum are stacked to make grana which are linked by lamella
the stack of grana is called a thylakoid
where photosynthesis takes place (either in grana or stoma)

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8
Q

what is the function of mitochondria

A

site of aerobic respiration
ATP is produced
more active cells have more mitochondria

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9
Q

what is the structure of a mitochondria

A

has a double membrane
inner membrane folds on each other to form cristae
matrix is its ‘cytoplasm’
contains granules and ATP synthesis particles

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10
Q

what is the function of a ribosome

A

where proteins are made
made of rRNA and proteins

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11
Q

what is the structure of a ribosome

A

small
free in cytoplasm or connected to the RER
no membrane
80s in eukaryotic cells for complex proteins
70s in prokaryotic cells

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12
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

A

adds carbs to proteins
secretes carbs
transports and stores lipids
forms lysosomes
where molecules are labelled and directed

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13
Q

what is the structure of golgi apparatus

A

group of fluid filled membranes
vesicles often seen round the edge
membrane folds to form cisternae
secutary vesicles pinch of cisternae to form outgoing vesicles

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14
Q

what is the function of a centriole

A

involved in seperation of of chromosomes during cell division
involved in production of spindle fibres
found in pairs (centrosomes)
made of micro tubuoles

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15
Q

what is the function of lysosomes

A

contains digestive enzymes
exocytosis and phagocytosis
digest old or invading cells

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16
Q

what is the function of the RER

A

folds and processes proteins being made at the ribosomes
fluid filled space surrounded by ribosomes

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17
Q

what is the function of the SER

A

synthesises and stores carb and lipids
no ribosomes but similar structure to the RER

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18
Q

what is the function of a vesicle

A

small fluid filled sac in a cytoplasm with a membrane
transports substances in and out of cell
formed by golgi apparatus or the SER RER

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19
Q

what is the structure of cilia

A

hair like
outer membrane has 9 pairs of microtubules

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20
Q

what is the function of cilia

A

sweep motion
moves substances to move on surface

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21
Q

what is the function of flagellum

A

microtubules in tail allow for flagellum to move
used to propel cell

22
Q

what is the function of pili and capsule

A

protects bacteria
allow to stick to surfaces and to escape imune system
attaches to specific surfaces or other cells

23
Q

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton

A

microfilaments (cell movement and cell contraction during cytokinesis)

microtubules (scaffold like structure which determines shape of cell also act as tracks for movement of organelles like vesicles)

intermediate fibres (gives support to cells )

24
Q

where is the cytoskeleton

A

throughout the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

25
Q

what is the definition of resolution

A

the minimum distance between two objects in which they can still be viewed as seperate

26
Q

what is the definition of magnification

A

how many times larger is the image compared to the object

27
Q

benefits to light microscope

A

cheap
easy to use
portable and small
colour

28
Q

negatives to light microscope

A

uses light which has large wavelength so small resolution 0.2 micro meters
cant observe below 2 micro meters
max magnification is X2000

29
Q

benefits to using electron microscope

A

uses electrons which has small wavelength so high resolution of 0.0002 micro meters
max magnification is X150000
dead or alive specimens
no vacuum

30
Q

negatives of an electron microscope

A

expensive
large
hard to use
black and white unless coloured with computer
dead specimens
has to be in a vacuum

31
Q

what is a TEM

A

transmission electron microscope
image is 2D
electron gun produces beam of electrons
focused onto specimen by lenses
denser areas come up darker as the areas absorb electrons
resolving power is 0.1 nm
really thin specimens so electrons can pass through

32
Q

what is a SEM

A

scanning electron microscope
image is 3D
beam of electrons are shot at specimen which bounce of to receptors which then is sent to computer where image is built
don’t need to be thin

33
Q

how many micrometres in a milimetre

A

1,000

34
Q

how many nanometres in a micro metre

A

1,000

35
Q

how many nanometres in a centimetre

A

10,000,000

36
Q

how many micro metres in a centimetre

A

10,000

37
Q

how would you prepare a slide for the light microscope

A

for dry mount
cut specimen thin
place it on slide
then place cover slip over it

for wet mount
place specimen onto cover slip
add drop of water or oil or dye
then place cover slip at angle lowering it into position
then wipe excess liquid with tissue

38
Q

Why must the liquid medium used in wet mounts have a similar refractive index to glass?

A

To prevent diffraction between the liquid and the glass and thus preventing image distortion.

39
Q

Examples of differential staining

A

Gram stain technique, Acid-fast technique

39
Q

what is the purpose of differential staining

A

to identify different cellular components and cell types

40
Q

Purpose of the Gram stain technique

A

To differentiate between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

40
Q

Purpose of the Acid Fast technique

A

to differentiate between species of Mycobacterium and other bacteria

40
Q

advantages of staining

A

See more detail, increases contrast, allows you to identify different cells and cellular components like organelles

40
Q

Positively charged dyes

A

Crystal violet, methylene blue

40
Q

negatively charged dyes

A

Nigrosin, Congo red

41
Q

what does sudan red stain

A

lipids

41
Q

what is methylene blue

A

all purpose stain

42
Q

what does iodine blue stain

A

The cellulose in plant cell walls yellow
+
Starch granules blue/black might look violet under MS

43
Q

what stains cytoplasm

A

Eosin

44
Q

what does Acetin Orcein stain

A

DNA + stains chromosomes dark red.

biology (11 decks)

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