chapter 3 Flashcards
cation calcium
Ca2+ involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission
cation sodium
Na2+ re absorption of water from kidney nerve impulse transmission
cation potassium
K+ stomata opening and nerve transmissions
cation hydrogen
H+ catalyses reactions, pH determination, cheimiosmosis
cation ammonium
NH4+ nitrogen cycle where bacteria converts NH4+ ions into nitrate ions
anion nitrate
NO3- mineral ion provides N to make amino accids
anion hydrogencarbonate
HCO3- maintains pH of blood
anion chloride
Cl- provides negative charge to sodium and potassium ions in cells
anion phosphate
PO4 3- helps in formation of phospholipids for cell membranes, also helps in forming nucleic acid and ATP
anion hydroxide
OH-
elements of Carbohydrates
C,H,O
elements of Lipids
C,H,O
elements of Proteins
C,H,O,N,S
elements of Nucleic Acids
C,H,O,N,P
is water a polar molecules and why
yes because of its unevenly distribute charge
what is a hydrogen bond
between O2 and H atoms as the + and - regions attract to each other they are weak bonds
4 properties of water
solvent
transport medium
coolant
provides habitats
why is water a good solvent
because its a polar molecule
slight + charge from H will attract - charge
slight - charge from oxygen attracts + charge
hydrophilic
whys is water a good transport medium (xylem)
water is cohesive so molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds
so when transpiration out of leaves happens it sucks the water out of the xylem
the continuous column of water allows water to by drawn up easier
why is water a good coolant
high specific heat capacity
large latent heat of vaporisation (a lot of energy required to convert water liquids to gas) as energy to break hydrogen bonds is alot
why is water good for a habitat
the cohesion causes surface tension for insects to move on water
buffer temp
ice less dense than liquid so provides habitat for surface animals
what’s a polymer and a monomer
monomer is smaller units which can be made into larger units like polymers
polymers are made up of monomers bonded together
what monomer is starch cellulose and glycogen made from
glucose
which monomer is protein made from
amino acid
which monomer is DNA and RNA made from
nucleotide
what is a monosaccharide and 3 examples
1 sugar
glucose
fructose galactose
what is a disaccharide and 3 examples
2 sugars bonded
joined by glycosidic bonds
formed via condensation reactions
e.g glucose + glucose makes maltose+ water
glucose + galactose makes lactose and water
glucose + fructose maks sucrose and water
examples
sucrose
maltose
lactose
what is a polysaccharide and 3 examples
3 or more sugars bonded
starch cellulose glycogen
what is a condensation reaction
joining of two molecules by removing water
what is a hydrolysis reaction
splitting of molecules by adding water
what is a glycosidic bond and what does a 1-4 glycosidic bond mean
bond between the two molecules
bond between the first carbon and 4th carbon connected by an oxygen
what is the monomer of starch cellulose and glycogen and their bonds
starch - alpha 1-4 in amylose and a 1-4 and 1-6 in amylopection
cellulose - beta 1-4
glycogen - alpha 1-4 and 1-6
function and location of starch cellulose and glycogen
starch - store of glucose for plant cells
cellulose - structure for plant cell wall
glycogen - store of glucose for animals
What is a hexose monosaccharide?
6 carbons
what is a pentose monosaccharide? with examples
5 carbons
ribose and deoxyribose
What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
The OH group is below Carbon 1 on alpha, and above it on beta
What is the charge of oxygen in a H2O molecule?
slightly negative
