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chapter 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

cation calcium

A

Ca2+ involved in muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission

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2
Q

cation sodium

A

Na2+ re absorption of water from kidney nerve impulse transmission

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3
Q

cation potassium

A

K+ stomata opening and nerve transmissions

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4
Q

cation hydrogen

A

H+ catalyses reactions, pH determination, cheimiosmosis

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5
Q

cation ammonium

A

NH4+ nitrogen cycle where bacteria converts NH4+ ions into nitrate ions

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6
Q

anion nitrate

A

NO3- mineral ion provides N to make amino accids

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7
Q

anion hydrogencarbonate

A

HCO3- maintains pH of blood

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8
Q

anion chloride

A

Cl- provides negative charge to sodium and potassium ions in cells

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9
Q

anion phosphate

A

PO4 3- helps in formation of phospholipids for cell membranes, also helps in forming nucleic acid and ATP

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10
Q

anion hydroxide

A

OH-

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11
Q

elements of Carbohydrates

A

C,H,O

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12
Q

elements of Lipids

A

C,H,O

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13
Q

elements of Proteins

A

C,H,O,N,S

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14
Q

elements of Nucleic Acids

A

C,H,O,N,P

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15
Q

is water a polar molecules and why

A

yes because of its unevenly distribute charge

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16
Q

what is a hydrogen bond

A

between O2 and H atoms as the + and - regions attract to each other they are weak bonds

17
Q

4 properties of water

A

solvent
transport medium
coolant
provides habitats

18
Q

why is water a good solvent

A

because its a polar molecule
slight + charge from H will attract - charge
slight - charge from oxygen attracts + charge
hydrophilic

19
Q

whys is water a good transport medium (xylem)

A

water is cohesive so molecules stick together by hydrogen bonds
so when transpiration out of leaves happens it sucks the water out of the xylem
the continuous column of water allows water to by drawn up easier

20
Q

why is water a good coolant

A

high specific heat capacity
large latent heat of vaporisation (a lot of energy required to convert water liquids to gas) as energy to break hydrogen bonds is alot

21
Q

why is water good for a habitat

A

the cohesion causes surface tension for insects to move on water
buffer temp
ice less dense than liquid so provides habitat for surface animals

22
Q

what’s a polymer and a monomer

A

monomer is smaller units which can be made into larger units like polymers

polymers are made up of monomers bonded together

23
Q

what monomer is starch cellulose and glycogen made from

A

glucose

24
Q

which monomer is protein made from

A

amino acid

25
Q

which monomer is DNA and RNA made from

A

nucleotide

26
Q

what is a monosaccharide and 3 examples

A

1 sugar
glucose
fructose galactose

27
Q

what is a disaccharide and 3 examples

A

2 sugars bonded
joined by glycosidic bonds
formed via condensation reactions
e.g glucose + glucose makes maltose+ water
glucose + galactose makes lactose and water
glucose + fructose maks sucrose and water

examples
sucrose
maltose
lactose

28
Q

what is a polysaccharide and 3 examples

A

3 or more sugars bonded
starch cellulose glycogen

29
Q

what is a condensation reaction

A

joining of two molecules by removing water

30
Q

what is a hydrolysis reaction

A

splitting of molecules by adding water

31
Q

what is a glycosidic bond and what does a 1-4 glycosidic bond mean

A

bond between the two molecules
bond between the first carbon and 4th carbon connected by an oxygen

32
Q

what is the monomer of starch cellulose and glycogen and their bonds

A

starch - alpha 1-4 in amylose and a 1-4 and 1-6 in amylopection
cellulose - beta 1-4
glycogen - alpha 1-4 and 1-6

33
Q

function and location of starch cellulose and glycogen

A

starch - store of glucose for plant cells
cellulose - structure for plant cell wall
glycogen - store of glucose for animals

34
Q

What is a hexose monosaccharide?

A

6 carbons

35
Q

what is a pentose monosaccharide? with examples

A

5 carbons
ribose and deoxyribose

36
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

The OH group is below Carbon 1 on alpha, and above it on beta

37
Q

What is the charge of oxygen in a H2O molecule?

A

slightly negative

38
Q
A

biology (10 decks)

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