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biology > chapter 7 > Flashcards

chapter 7 Flashcards

exchange surface and breathing

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1
Q

why is diffusion alone able to supply a single celled organism enough oxygen (2 reason)

A

1) has low oxygen demands and low carbon dioxide
production
2) the SA:V is large

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2
Q

what requires more oxygen a multicellular organism or single cellular

A

larger multicellular organisms as their metabolic activity is higher

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3
Q

why cant diffusion be the main source of oxygen for multicellular organisms

A

because the distance between the cells are not close enough for diffusion to take place and its SA:V is low so it would take to long to diffuse the oxygen required

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4
Q

what are the 4 main things most multicellular organisms have adapted to their exchange surfaces (4 things)

A

1) blood supply- the steeper the concentration gradient the
faster the diffusion
2) thin layers- distance the oxygen has to diffuse is shorter
3) high SA:V- provides the area needed for exchange
4) ventilation- helps maintain the concentration gradient

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5
Q

why are gaseous exchange systems moist (like the alveoli) and what’s its downside

A

so the oxygen can diffuse faster by dissolving into the water then diffusing into the blood but it means that water can be lost

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6
Q

why do mammals need a specialised exchange system

A

as they need to regulate their body temperature, the have lots of cells and have a high metabolic rate

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7
Q

the nasal cavity’s features (3 features)

A

1) large surface area with a good blood supply which warms
the air
2) a hairy lining of mucus to catch dust and bacteria ot
allowing it to go into the lungs
3) moist surface to reduce evaporation from surface exchange

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8
Q

what is the trachea

A

the main airway carrying clean moist air from mouth and nose into the lungs

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9
Q

what’s the trachea made of

A

the tube is supported by rings of cartilage to protect it from collapsing

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10
Q

what is the trachea lined with

A

a ciliated epithelium with goblet cells between and below the cells

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11
Q

what does the goblet cells do in the trachea

A

it produces mucus onto the lining of the trachea

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12
Q

what does mucus do

A

trap dust and bacteria which is coughed up or swallowed to be digested

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13
Q

what is the bronchus

A

the trachea divides into two bronchi. it has the same structure

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14
Q

what are the bronchioles

A

the bronchus divides into many bronchioles (1mm diameter) no cartilage rings.

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15
Q

what happens in the bronchioles when the smooth muscle contracts

A

the bronchioles close up this then restricts the air from entering the lungs

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16
Q

what happens in the bronchioles when the smooth muscle relaxes

A

the bronchioles open up this then allows air to enter the lungs

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17
Q

what are aveoli

A

they are tiny air sacs covered by blood vessels. they are the main gas exchange surface and are only in mammals.

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18
Q

what are alveoli made from

A

collagen and and elastic fibres allowing it to stretch. when they go to their resting state its called elastic recoil

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19
Q

what are the 3 adaptions an alveoli withhold as a exchanger of gas

A

1) thin layers
2) good ventilation (from the trachea)
3) good blood supply (from blood vessels on it)

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20
Q

explain what the diaphragm is

A

its a dome shaped muscle which forms the floor of the thorax

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21
Q

what’s the external intercostal muscle and the internal intercostal muscle

A

found between the ribs

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22
Q

what is the thorax lined by

A

the pleural cavity and has lubricant fluid to help the membranes to move around as you breathe

23
Q

what happens when you inhale

A

the diaphragm contracts and lowers, the external intercostal muscle moves ribs up and out, air is drawn into lungs as the thorax volume increases

24
Q

what happens when you exhale

A

the diaphragm relaxes and Highers, the external intercostal muscle moves the ribs down and in, the elastic fibres in the alveoli relax, pressure inside thorax is greater than outside so air moves out

25
Q

how can you measure capacity of the lungs (3 ways)

A

peak flow meter- this measure the most you can exhale
vitalographs- exhale quick through a mouthpiece which is
put on a graph which shows the volume
breathed out and how fast. this volume of air
is called forced expiration
spirometer- used to measure different aspects of the lung

26
Q

what’s tidal volume

A

the volume of air that moves in the lungs

26
Q

what’s vital capacity

A

strongest exhalation followed by strongest inhalation

26
Q

what’s expiratory and inspiratory reserve volume

A

inspiratory- max volume of air you can breathe in
expiratory- extra amount of air you breathe in over and above the tidal volume

26
Q

what’s the breathing ate

A

how many breaths a minute

26
Q

what’s residual volume

A

how much is left in your lungs after max exhale

26
Q

what’s total lung capacity

A

the vital capacity and the residual volume

27
Q

what’s the ventilation rate

A

total volume of air inhaled in a minute

28
Q

what happens to the tidal volume when oxygen needs are high

A

it increases to as much as 15-50% of the vital capacity

29
Q

what gaseous exchange hard for an insect (3 things)

A

they have a high metabolic rate
they have an exoskeleton which doesnt alow for gaseous exchange to take place
dont have blood pigment so cant carry oxygen in the blood

30
Q

How do insects go through gas exchange

A

they have spiricales which alow for oxygen to be directly delivered to the cells

31
Q

how does the spiricales adapt to lose less water

A

they have sphincters which close up the spiricles to stop water loss.

32
Q

what hapens to the spiricles when the insect is inactive and whats its benefit

A

its spiracles close up to prevent water loss. when oygen demands grow or CO2 levels build upthe spiricles start to open up

33
Q

how does O2 travel through the insect

A

through the piricles in the trachea which then splits into the tracheoles

34
Q

what is the trachea made of and can gas exchange take place

A

chitin which keeps them open and because chitin is impermeable to gas no gas exchange can take place.

35
Q

where does most of the gas exchange take place inside of an insect and how does it diffuse into cells

A

through the tracheoles as they are not made of chitin so gas exchange can take place. the O2 dissolves into the tracheal fluid and then diffuses into cells

36
Q

for bigger insects with higher O2 demands what are the two adaptations they have

A

mechanical ventilation- this is where air is pumped into the system by movements from the thorax
bigger air sacs- these act as air resevoirs

37
Q

do fish need to prevent water loss

A

no because their in the sea

38
Q

why dont fish have lungs

A

because water is 1000 times denser and more viscous than air and has a much lower O2 content so it would use to much energy

39
Q

why are gills good gas exchangers

A

thin layers
good blood supply
large surface area

40
Q

what is the operculum

A

the flap that covers the gills

41
Q

whats the gill lamellae

A

these are within the thin layers whcih are close together with good blood supply and large surface area

42
Q

what are gill fillaments

A

a stack of gill plates

43
Q

how do fish keep a constant water flow over the gills

A

when they are swimming they just open their mouth and let the water run past the gills but with bony fish they have found a more effcient way

44
Q

how do bony fish keep take in water

A

the buccal cavity (mouth) lowers increasing the volume and therefore dropping the pressure which alows for water to enter the mouth. and the opercular valve is shut (the gills valve)

45
Q

how do bony fish take water out past the gills

A

the buccal cavity rises and the opercular valve opens which means the pressure in the mouth is more so water runs over the gills

46
Q

what are the two other things that gills have adapted to for gas exchange

A

the tips of the gill filaments overlap meaning it slows down the water over the gills
a countercurrent exchange system is set up

47
Q

what is a countercurrent exchange system

A

the water moving over the gills runs opposite to the blood flow. this means there is a steeper concentration gradient is achieved throughout the flow. in a result fish take out 80% of oxygen from the water

48
Q
A

biology (11 decks)

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