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Bio 120 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why do cells need to divide?

A

Reproduction
Growth
Repair
*Cell Theory= all cells come from cells**

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2
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

1) The DNA replicates, then separates
2) Cell division begins as the plasma membrane grows inward, and a new cell wall is synthesized
3) Binary fission produces two identical daughter cells

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3
Q

Prokaryote cell division (Baccteria):

As the bacteria cell prepares to divide what happens?

A

As the bacteria cell prepares to divide a ring of protein forms at the centre of the cell
- This ring then constricts, pinching off the cell to form the two new cells

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4
Q

What makes Eukaryotic cell division more complex?

A

They have more things to separate such as multiple chromosome, nuclear envelope, and organelles

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5
Q

What part of cell division represents most of the cells life?

A

The Interphase (90% of the cells life)

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6
Q

What happens during the S Phase?

A
  • At the beginning of the S phase, the cell contains one copy of each chromosome
  • After being copied, the two copies stay together and are called chromatids
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7
Q

What happens at the end of the S phase?

A
  • All of the DNA has been copied
  • A second centrosome is made
  • The cell enters the G2 phase
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8
Q

What is the Mitotic Phase?

A

It is a highly orchestrated process of cell division

  • Sister chromatids are pulled apart
  • Cell contents are divided up
  • Cell splits in two (cytokinesis)
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9
Q

What happens during Interphase? PMAT?

A 
Interphase = cell growth & Component duplication
PMAT = Component separation & division
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10
Q

Centromere

A

A region of DNA beneath kinetochore proteins

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11
Q

What happens during the Prophase stage?

A

It marks the entry of the cell into mitosis

  • Condensation of chromosomes
  • Breakdown of nuclear envelope
  • Nucleoli disappears
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12
Q

What are the duplicated chromosome composed of?

A

2 sister chromatids

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13
Q

What happens during the Prometaphase?

A
  • Nuclear envelope is completely dissociated

- Sister chromatids attach to mitotic spindle

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14
Q

What binds to the kinetochore structure? then what happens?

A

Spindle microtubules

Then the chromosome are attached to each spindle pole through microtubules

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15
Q

What happens during the Metaphase stage?

A
  • The mitotic spindle is fully formed
  • Centrioles are polarly localized
  • Centromeres of the chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell
  • The mitotic spindle anchors a kinetochore(protein) to each pole
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16
Q

What happens during the Anaphase stage?

A

Chromosome are split apart and moved to the poles of the cell by the kinetochore motor proteins

17
Q

T or F:

The tighter the microtubules pull, the tighter the kinetochore holds on (chinese finger trap)

A

True

18
Q

What happens during the Telophase stage?

A
  • Nuclei begins to reform
  • Chromatin unfolds
  • Nucleoli reappear
  • Mitotic fibres disappear
  • Cleavage furrow/ cell plate start to form
19
Q

Kinetochore

A

A set of proteins that pull the chromosomes apart

20
Q

What is the result of cell division?

A

Results in the sister chromatids being separated, and two genetically identical cells being produced

21
Q

What happens during the Cytokinesis?

A

The division of the duplicated cell into two daughter cells

22
Q

In animal cells, how is the cleavage furrow formed?

A

The cleavage furrow is formed by a contractile ring

- As the ring shrinks, it pinches off the connection between the two cells until they separate completely

23
Q

How do plant cells separate?

A

In plants cells, a new portion of the cell wall must be made to separate the two new cells.
- The cell plate forms from the centre blocking the connection between the two cells

24
Q

How does a cell know when to divide?

A

Cellular signals tell the cell when, and when not to divide, regulation is partly due to hormone activity
- The internal systems of the cell will check to make sure the cell is healthy and ready to divide

25
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A
  • Determines if conditions are good for cell division

- Checks for DNA damage

26
Q

G2 Checkpoint

A
  • Makes sure all DNA has been copied
  • Also checks for DNA damage
  • Ensures presence of proteins needed for M-phase
27
Q

M Checkpoint

A
  • Senses the intactness of the spindle
28
Q

What do the checkpoints work through?

A

The checkpoints work through a set of proteins called Cyclins and CDKs (tell the cell to pass the checkpoint)

29
Q

Cyclins

A

Binds to CDKs to turn them on

30
Q

How much cyclins are needed?

A

The amount of specific cyclins varies during the cell cycle depending on other cellular cues

31
Q

Can signals that regulate the rate of cell division come from outside the cell?

A

Yes some do

32
Q

Which is more important? Stopping cell division? OR Activating it?

A

Stopping cell division is more important than activating it

33
Q

What ability to cells have?

* Placed in glass box*

A

Cells have the ability to detect neighbours and only grow to fill the available space
- Cells that are removed will be replaced and then the division will again stop

34
Q

How can we get extra cell growth?

A

Extra growth can be stimulated by the addition of growth factors, or by damage to regulatory genes

35
Q

In animals, what can uncontrolled cell division lead to?

A

Cancerous growths, colon cancer development

* Cells start to grow where they arent suppose to

36
Q

How could we stop a cell from dividing?

A

Kill the cell that is growing too fast or stop the checkpoint

37
Q

What regulatory mechanisms do cells use to determine when to undergo mitosis?

A

Cells signals, checkpoints

38
Q

How does the loss of control of cell division lead to cancerous growth?

A

Not controlling, happens too fast

Bio 120 (12 decks)

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