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Bio 120 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Bioenergetics

A

The application of thermodynamic principles to organisms and biological systems
- The fundamental characteristics of all living things is the ability to carry out metabolism

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2
Q

What is necessary for life to exist?

A

Metabolic processes; without them, life would not exist

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3
Q

Releasing chemical energy for an equation that adds Glucose and oxygen gas, what happens?

A
  • The carbons of glucose are oxidized to CO2, with a loss of electrons
  • O2 is reduced to 2 H20, a gain of electrons
  • energy is made
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4
Q

What are the 4 parts to cellular respiration? Where do they happen?

A

1) Glycolysis (Breakdown of Glucose) = In cytosol
2) Breakdown of Pyruvate = Mitochondria Matrix
3) Krebs cycle = Mitochondria Matrix
4) Electron transport chain = Mitochondria Inner Membrane

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5
Q

What happens in Glycolysis?

A

6 Carbon Glucose is broken down to two 3 Carbon Pyruvate

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6
Q

What is used in the process of Glycolysis?

A

2NAD+ –> 2NADH + 2H+

2ADP + 2P –> 2ATP

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7
Q

What are the 3 phases of Glycolysis?

A

1) The energy activation/investment phase
2) Cleavage phase
3) Energy liberation phase

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8
Q

Explain what happens in Glycolysis

A

1) Glucose turns into Fructose -1,6-bisphosphate using 2 ATP
2) Fructose -1,6-bisphosphate (breaks in half) turns into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
3) two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate turn into two molecules of pyruvate, each molecules produces 2 ATP and 1NADH

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9
Q

What happens during the investment stage?

A

ATP is invested to make Glucose more energetic, we invest a little ATP to get alot later

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10
Q

What makes a favorable reaction +(delta)G or -(delta)G?

A

-(delta)G which is exergonic in the energy recovery stage

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11
Q

In the investment stage, is the reaction endergonic or exergonic?

A

Endergonic +(delta)G because the energy is increasing

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12
Q

What happens by the end of Glycolysis? What is the produced result?

A
  • NADH (2molecules)
  • Pyruvate (2molecules)
  • ATP (put in 2, 4 back)
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13
Q

How does Glycolysis make ATP?

A

By Substrate Level Phosphorylation

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14
Q

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A

The production of ATP by phosphate transfer from substrate to ADP

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15
Q

What does the Breakdown of Pyruvate require?

A

It requires a transport protein

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16
Q

Explain what happens during the breakdown of Pyruvate?

** Everything is duplicated because there are two pyruvates***

A

Pyruvate turns into Acetyl-CoA by

1) Pyruvate goes from the cytosol, through the Transport protein, into the mitochondrial matrix
2) Releasing CO2
3) Adding a NAD+ to make NADH+ + H+ (Pyruvate loses 2 electrons)
4) Adding Coenzyme A
5) Makes Acetyl-CoA

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17
Q

Addition of ____ makes the molecule more reactive like phosphorylating Glucose as a bonus it also produces _____

A

Addition of CoA makes the molecule more reactive like phosphorylating Glucose as a bonus it also produces NADH

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18
Q

Is pyruvate reactant?

A

No it isnt very reactant

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19
Q

Who got the nobel prize in Medicine in 1953 for The Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs’ Cycle?

A

Sir Hans Krebs, and Fritz Lipmann (for Coenzyme A)

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20
Q

Explain The Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs’ Cycle

** Everything is duplicated because there are two pyruvates, which lead to two Acetyl-CoA**

A

1) Acetyl-CoA comes in, and releases CoA
2) 2 CO2 are released
3) 3 NAD+ come in, and release 3 NADH+ + 3H+
4) ADP+ Pi comes in, releases ATP
5) FAD comes in, and releases FADH2

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21
Q

Which two things are not produced in the The Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs’ Cycle?

A

No ATP or O2

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22
Q

What is the Energy conversion by the end of the Krebs’ cycle?

A

IN: 1 Glucose & 2 ATP to start glycolysis
OUT: 6 ATP (4 in glycolysis, 2 in Krebs cycle)
10 NADH
2 FADH2
6 CO2

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23
Q

What happens after The Citric Acid Cycle/ Krebs’ Cycle?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation or the Electron Transport Chain

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24
Q

Mitochondrial Electron Transport:

What are the 5 structures?

A

Complex I, Complex II, Complex, III, Complex IV, ATP synthase

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25
Q

Mitochondrial Electron Transport:

What happens in Complex I?

A

1) H+ pass from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner compartment
2) NADH is added, passes an e- through the complex, and releases NAD+

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26
Q

Mitochondrial Electron Transport:

What happens in Complex II?

A

FADH2 is added, passes an e- thought the complex, and releases FAD

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27
Q

Mitochondrial Electron Transport:

What happens in Complex III?

A

The e- from complex I and the e- from complex II pass through the Complex III

28
Q

Mitochondrial Electron Transport:

What happens in Complex IV?

A

1) H+ pass from the mitochondrial matrix to the inner compartment
2) The 2e- from Complex III are added (2e- + 2H+ + 1/2 O2) OR (2e- + 4H+ + O2), releases an H2O or (2 H2O)

29
Q

Mitochondrial Electron Transport:

What happens in ATP Synthase (ATPase)

A

3 H+ are passed from the intermembrane compartment the mitochondrial matrix to produce 1 ATP from ADP+ Pi

30
Q

What is the name of the transport protein between Complex I& III? Complex III & IV?

A

CoQ

Cytochrome c or cyt c

31
Q

Where does the energy come from when the ATP synthase makes ATP?

A

The energy comes from the concentration gradient, which is converted to the chemical energy of ATP (Chemiosmotic Theory)

32
Q

Who won the nobel prize in chemistry in 1978 for the chemiosmotic theory?

A

Peter Mitchell

33
Q

What happens to the energy in the electron transport?

A

Each step loses energy to entropy, but energy is also banked by the production of the H+ gradient
- the electron flow decreases and we move across complexes

34
Q

In cellular respiration, how many ATP are made?

A

Varies, but from 30-38 ATP usually 36 ATP

35
Q

Anaerobiosis:

Strict Anaerobes

A

Organisms that are unable to live in the presence of oxygen

EX. Clostridium tetani or botulinum

36
Q

Anaerobiosis:

Facultative Anaerobes

A 
Organisms can live in both Oxygenic and Non-oxygenic environments
EX. Saccharomyces cerevisiea
- with O2 = osidative phosphorylation
- no O2 = fermentation (beer)
EX. Ecoli
37
Q

Explain the Alcoholic Fermentation cycle in the absence of O2

A

Yeast Ferment Glucose into Ethanol

1) Glucose makes 2 pyruvic acid through glycolysis
- 2ADP + 2P go in, produces 2ATP
- 2 NAD + go in, produce 2NADH
2) 2 Pyruvic acid makes 2 Ethanol
- 2 CO2 are released
- 2 NADH + 2H+ go in, produces 2 NAD+

38
Q

How many ATP are produced in the Alcoholic Fermentation cycle in the absence of O2? Why?

A

Only 2 ATP are produced because the Electron Transport Chain is blocked

39
Q

What is different in the Lactic Acid Fermentation compared to the Alcoholic Fermentation?

A

1) 2 Pyruvic acid is turned into 2 Lactic Acid instead of 2 Ethanol
2) In this process there is no CO2 released
3) IT is Anaerobic respiration

40
Q

During Anaerobic respiration, muscle O2 depletion leads to _______________

A

Lactic Acid Production

41
Q

How many ATP are produced in the Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

2 ATP are produced, no CO2 released

42
Q

Where does the Lactic Acid Fermentation occur?

A

In muscle tissue, also in making cheese & yogurt

43
Q

How do muscle respire?

A

Both aerobically (with O2) & anaerobically (without O2)

44
Q

Under high power demand the muscles will be _______

A

Anaerobic

45
Q

Under low-demand, sufficient O2 reaches the muscle ________ to use _____________

A

Under low-demand, sufficient O2 reaches the muscle mitochondria to use Oxidative Phosphorylation

46
Q

Anaerobic Threshold

A

The point where your body will supplement aerobic metabolism with anaerobic fermentation

47
Q

Muscle cells adapt to exercise, making more _________ and using ____ more efficiently

A

Muscle cells adapt to exercise, making more mitochondria and using O2 more efficiently
- Can’t run 100 m in 10s without using anaerobic muscles

48
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, the cell ____________

A

Under anaerobic conditions, the cell “ferments” glucose

49
Q

__________build up increases the ______of the cell, which also hinders muscle function

A

Lactic Acid build up increases the acidity of the cell, which also hinders muscle function

50
Q

How is Lactic Acid converted back to Glucose?

A

This happens in the liver through gluconeogenesis, however it requires large amounts of ATP, which is supplied by oxidative phosphorylation (oxygen debt)
- Aerobically

51
Q

Lactic Acid convertion to Glucose
________ is the reserve of Glycolysis
__________ is made into _________
This requires ______ & ______

A

Gluconeogenesis is the reserve of Glycolysis
Pyruuvate is made into Glucose
This requires ATP & NADH
*VIEW SLIDE 34**

52
Q

Explain how creatine is made

A

Phosphocreatine (amino acid) + ADP + Pi Creatine + ATP

53
Q

_____________ can run out of ATP

_____________ can supply ATP

A

Fast-twitch muscle cells can run out of ATP

Phosphocreatine can supply ATP

54
Q

Creatine:
__________ is used up very rapidly during muscle contraction
____________ can then regenerate ATP for a short time

A

Cellular ATP is used up very rapidly during muscle contraction
Phosphocreatine can then regenerate ATP for a short time

55
Q

Can Creatine be accumulated?

A

No cells can’t accumulate creatine

VIEW SLIDE 36

56
Q

Fast-twitch/ Slow twitch muscle amounts are __________ controlled
A gene called _______ can alter muscle type ratios

A

Fast-twitch/ Slow twitch muscle amounts are genetically controlled
A gene called PPAR(O) can alter muscle type ratios

57
Q

Greater __________ muscle ratio yields better exercise endurance
Loss of the PPAR(O) gene makes endurance better/worse

A

Greater Slow-twitch muscle ratio yields better exercise endurance
Loss of the PPAR(O) gene makes endurance worse

58
Q

What does the Uncoupling protein do?

A

It allows sm hibernating animals (rodents) to short-circuit the H+ gradient to generate heat

59
Q

What does short-circuiting the H+ gradient do to the cycles?

A

It increases the rates of glycolysis and Krebs cycle to produce the NADH used

60
Q

Respiratory Poisons:

Rotenone

A

Used to kill insects and fish

- produce a lil ATP then die

61
Q

Respiratory Poisons:

Cyanide

A

Similar effect to rotenone

- Stop O2 from reacting

62
Q

Respiratory Poisons:

Oligomycin

A

Blocks the ATP Synthase

- A fungicide

63
Q

Respiratory Poisons:

Dinitrophenol (DNP_

A

An uncoupler

  • Short-circuits the ETC
  • Picks up H+ ions and diffuses them across the membrane, lets them go
  • NO ATP saved
64
Q

Breakdown of Foods:
________ is not a common energy source in out food
Each food type can be broken down to produce ______________

A

Free glucose is not a common energy source in out food
Each food type can be broken down to produce cellular energy
**DOESNT have to go in a straight line

65
Q

Where can proteins begin to breakdown? Carbohydrates? Fats?

A

Proteins (amino acids) = Glycolysis OR Acetyl CoA or Citric Acid cycle
Carbohydrates (Sugars) = Glycolysis
Fats (Glycerol) = Glycolysis
Fats (Fatty acids) = Acetyl-CoA

Bio 120 (12 decks)

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