Ch. 14 Flashcards

(38 cards)

1
Q

Why don’t chicken have teeth?

A

They have the genes require to produce the proteins to produce teeth, but they do not activate those genes
- In this case, a change in developmental cues, alters which genes are expressed in the ‘dental issue’

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2
Q

What is the importance of gene regulation? (3)

A

1) Allows multicellular organisms to have differentiated cell types
2) Allows organisms to grow until they reach a particular size
3) Allows organisms to acclimate to changes in their environment

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3
Q

How do cells adapt to their environment?
Lactose in the E.coli cell
4 steps

A

1) Lactose becomes available in the environment of the bacterium
2) Due to gene regulation, the bacterium produces more Lactose permease (proteins) and B-galactosidase
3) The bacterium readily uses the lactose until it is gone
4) Most proteins involved with lactose use are degraded

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4
Q

What is able to break down lactose in the cell?

A

B-galactosidase

little green things

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5
Q

What transports lactose into the cell?

A

Lactose permease

Transport protein

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6
Q

Cells need to alter the amounts of ________ to survive in changing environments

A

Specific proteins

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7
Q

In bacteria, at which level is the altering of the amount of specific proteins done at?

A

Transcription

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8
Q

Increased Transcription = _______________= ____________

A

Increased Transcription = Increased Translation = Increased Protein

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9
Q

Which phase does a gene change into mRNA?

A

Transcription

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10
Q

Which phase does mRNA change into a protein?

A

Translation

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11
Q

Which phase does the protein change into a functional protein? Eukaryotes!!

A

Post-translation

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12
Q

_________ is critical in the development of multicellular

A

Gene regulation

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13
Q

During human development what is needed at different stages?

A

During human development, different hemoglobins are required at different stages

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14
Q

The correct _____ must be turned on and off at the correct times

A

genes

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15
Q

Which type of cell has more layers of regulation? What are they?

A

Eukaryotes

1) Transcription
2) Processing of mRNAs
3) Translation
4) Post translation

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16
Q

Eukaryote:

Transcriptional regulation

A

Determines which genes are transcribed

  • Regulation of transcription
  • Chromatin remodeling to make genes accessible for transcription
17
Q

Eukaryote:

Posttrancriptional regulation

A

Determines types and availability of mRNAs to ribosomes

  • Variations in pre-mRNA processing
  • Removal of masking proteins
  • Variations in rate of mRNA breakdown
  • RNA interference
18
Q

Eukaryote:

Translational regulation

A

Determines the rate at which proteins are made

- Variations in rate of initiation of protein synthesis

19
Q

Eukaryote:

Posttranslational regulation

A

Determines the availability of finished proteins

  • Variations in rate of protein processing
  • Removal of masking segments
  • Variations in rate of protein breakdown
20
Q

What is a chicken-a-saurus?

A

A chicken with teeth, finger, and a tail

21
Q

T or F

It doesn’t matter where the proteins are made

A

False;

We need the right proteins made in the right amounts at the right time, in the right place

22
Q

What do changes in the sequence of DNA molecules do?

A

They may alter the production or function of a particular protein

23
Q

How can mutations be seen?

A

Mutations can be seen as generating a new allele for a given gene even if it does not cause a change in phenotype

24
Q

Small changes in the DNA sequence can cause ___ differences in __________

A

Big differences in protein sequence

25
What can larger changes in the DNA sequence cause?
Larger changes in the DNA sequence cause the removal of entire genes or even the addition of new genes
26
What are the 5 types of consequences of point mutations within the coding sequence of a structural gene?
Mutation in the DNA; Effect on polypeptide 1) None; None 2) Base substitution; SILENT- causes no change 3) Base substitution; MISSENSE - changes one amino acid 4) Base substitution; NONSENSE- changes to a stop codon 5) Addition (or deletion) of a single base; FRAMESHIFT- produces a different amino acid sequence
27
Mutations can alter phenotypes by what? (4)
1) Generating a non-functional protein 2) Changing how a protein works 3) Altering when a gene is expressed 4) Changing where a gene is expressed
28
One __________ in the hemoglobin gene causes sickle-cell anaemia
One base difference
29
The T to A mutation in the sickle-cell disease example changes what?
Changes an amino acid in the protein from Glutamate to Valine - From a hydrophilic to a hydrophobic amino acid
30
Pleiotropic
When one base change causes a number of phenotypic changes
31
In Whippet dogs, what can a mutation do?
A mutation in the Myostation Gene leads to increased muscle mass
32
What does a 2 base deletion pair cause in the Myostatin gene?
Introduces and early stop codon
33
Mutations
- In nature, mutations are random occurences | - They can range from simple base pair changes to loss of chromosome fragments
34
Mutations can be caused by ___________________
any agents that damage DNA & random mistakes of the DNA replication process - EX. UV light- too much sun = certain chemical viruses
35
Which type of mutations will more likely be passed on?
Mutations that help an organism compete will be more likely to be passed on to the next generation than mutations that are not helpful
36
_______ favours evolution | Mutations are/ are not always bad
Strong selective pressure favours evolution | Mutations are not always bad
37
Malaria
A debilitating disease cause by trypanosome Plasmodium falciparum which is transferred to humans via bites from the mosquito Anopheles gambiae
38
The blood cells of individuals with sickle-cell disease are less able to support the Plasmodium parasite, so what is the advantage?
So they do not get as sick from Malaria So the disease allele provides a competitive advantage to individuals in certain environments **Especially in heterozygous form**