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Anthropology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the focus of Political Anthropology?

A

Organized use of public power in society, human behaviour and thoughts related to public power, cross cultural modes of politics and political organizations.

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2
Q

What do political organizations maintain?

A

Social order, group right, safety from external threats.

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3
Q

What are the 5 forms of political institutions?

A

Band, chiefdom, tribe, state, nation.

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4
Q

What is a band?

A

Small group of linked households connected by kinship.

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5
Q

Do bands have leaders?

A

Not formal leaders, but some people may have influence or authority, not power

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6
Q

What is power?

A

Ability to bring about results with the potential or use of force.

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7
Q

What is authority?

A

Ability to bring about results based on status.

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8
Q

What is influence?

A

Ability to bring about results by exerting moral or social pressure.

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9
Q

What are tribes?

A

Social groups more formal than bands which are comprised of several bands/lineage groups.

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10
Q

Do tribes have leaders? What are their roles?

A

They have tribal headmen who have authority and influence. In charge of conflict resolution, migration, hunting, etc..

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11
Q

What is big-man/woman leadership?

A

Individuals build political base and prestige from personal wealth and then subsequent redistribution system (feasts).

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12
Q

What are the responsibilities of a big man or woman?

A

Internal/external affairs. crop cycles, feasts, trade, war, councils.

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13
Q

What is moka?

A

Strategy for developing political leadership in Papua New Guinea, involves gift giving, feasts, and having many pigs.

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14
Q

What is a chiefdom?

A

Centralized and socially complex social group that has permanently allied tribes and villages under one leader who possesses power.

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15
Q

How is chiefdom achieved?

A

Can be inherited or bc of social stratification.

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16
Q

What is the role of the chief?

A

Regulate production and distribution, solve internal conflicts and lead wars and raids.

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17
Q

What power did Iroquois women have in chiefdoms?

A

Since they controlled the maize production they could refuse to produce maize to support a certain war or raid, therefore vetoing it.

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18
Q

Who is in charge of connected chiefdoms?

A

“Big chief”

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19
Q

What is a state?

A

Centralized political unit with citizens that maintains a territory.

20
Q

What does the state have the power to do?

A

Define citizenship (rights and responsibilities), maintain law, maintain social order, maintain armies, collect tax, keep track of citizens.

21
Q

How does the state manipulate information?

A

Censorship, propaganda, control.

22
Q

What is secularism?

A

Separation of church and state.

23
Q

What is a nation?

A

Group of people who share language, culture, territorial base, political organization, but definitions can vary.

24
Q

What are imagined communities?

A

Building a sense of belonging and commitment among diverse communities in order to make a nation. Ex. One national language, monuments, museums, unified media messages

25
Q

What is the nation/state situation in Puerto rico?

A

Puerto rico is neither a full state of the us or an independent political unit. Difficult bc many puerto ricans life off the island and many people have migrated to P.R.

26
Q

What is the nation/state conflict in kurdistan?

A

Kurdish people want to establish as an independent state, right now part of several different countries but race language restrictions in Turkey, oppression in Iraq and etc..

27
Q

What are the three types of power defined by Eric Wolf?

A

Interpersonal power, organizational power and structural power.

28
Q

What does Karl Marx say about Idxeology?

A

Ideology is a form of power.

29
Q

How does Gramsci define domination and hegemony?

A

Domination: Physical and violent coercion
Hegemony: ideological control and manipulation

30
Q

Normalization

A

Social process in which some practices are deemed normal and some aren’t.

31
Q

What does Edward Syed say about Orientalism?

A

It’s the western style of thought that creates a false opposition between the east and west.

32
Q

What does legal anthropology study?

A

Forms of social control, social conflict, social justice, and human rights, across different cultures.

33
Q

How does social control function at a state level?

A

Increased specialization of roles, formal, based on codified law, use of capital punishment.

34
Q

What is critical legal anthropology?

A

Approach that examines how law and justice institutions uphold systems of oppression and protect powerful people.

35
Q

What are examples of weapons of the weak?

A

Desertion, false compliance, humour, foot dragging.

36
Q

What is militarism? Where is it a big problem?

A

Dominance of military in administration of social control and state. Papua New Guinea

37
Q

What is informal social control vs formal social control? (examples)

A

socialization, education, peer pressure (amis and mennonite) vs. codified rules

38
Q

How is social control maintained in small scale societies?

A

Interpersonal resolution, shaming, ostracizing, elders as a court.

39
Q

How do Sumba in Indonesia see breaking a promise?

A

Breaking a promise means that your ancestors are mad and they send damage to crops, illness or death of relative or destruction of property.

40
Q

What is a global-local conflict?

A

Big and powerful country colonize smaller country, control their wars.

41
Q

What are the theories as to why the Yanomami peoples in Amazonian rainforest were observed as violent by Napolean Chagnon?

A

Marvin Harris: Protein scarcity and population dynamics
Brian Ferguson: violence caused by western presence
Patrick Tierney: Chagnon’s presence caused the conflict and violence

42
Q

What is democratization?

A

Process of transformation from authoritarian regime to democratic regime or just less authoritarian.

43
Q

What is Carneiro’s theory about the future of state?

A

One superstate is the future of the world.

44
Q

What are cultural anthropologists perspective of critical cultural relativism about the UN?

A

UN provides a place to air global disputes and support NGOs and grassroots, but those are doing the real work.

45
Q
A

Anthropology (13 decks)

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