Chapter 13 Flashcards
What is development?
Positive changes and transformation.
What are some examples of development?
- Liberation of economic growth
- Per capita income/GDP
- Technological advancement and modernization
- Reducing poverty and ensuring basic needs
What shaped the idea of development?
- Enlightenment history
- Industrialization
- Colonialism
- Modernism
- Institutionalization
- Capitalism
- Globalization
What is diffusion? What are the two ways?
The spread of culture through contact. Mutual borrowing and using power.
Acculturation
Powerless cultures look like a dominant culture
Assimilation
Have lost total identity of a culture
Cultural imperialism
Appropriation of a particular cultural aspect
Colonialism and Imperialism
A culture can become so completely acculturated that it becomes assimilated
What are the models of development?
- Modernization
- Growth-oriented development
- Distributional development
- Human development
- Sustainable development
What is the modernization approach?
A form of change marked by economic growth through industrialization and market expansion, political consolidation through the state, technological innovation, literacy, and options for social mobility
What are the main goals of modernization approach?
- Rationalization and scientific thinking
- Material progress and individual betterment
- Secularism
What are the criticism of modernization?
- westernization process
- reduce cultural and bio diversity
- ethnocentric model
- creates social inequality
What are Walt Rostow’s stages of economic growth?
- traditional society
- precondition for takeoff
- take off
- drive to maturity
- high mass consumption
What is growth oriented development?
See economic growth as the key to success, development as “induced” change by applying modernization theory in so-called developing countries.
What are the two strategies to promote economic growth?
- increasing economic productivity and trade through modernized agriculture and manufacturing and participation in world markets
- neoliberal economic policy, export oriented development and small government
What is distributional development?
Emphasis on social equity in benefits, especially in terms of increased income, literacy and health through state provided services.
What is the human development approach?
Emphasizes investing in human welfare (health, education, security and safety) which will lead to economic development.
What is sustainable development?
Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
What are institutional approaches to development?
Cultural anthropologists examine the goals, objectives and management systems and hierarchies of the organizations involved in international development.
What are grassroots approaches?
Locally initiated small-scale projects that use social capital.
What is the liberation theory?
Christian principles of compassion, social justice and community engagement.
Why is culture an important component in understanding development?
Anthropologists study development/change by looking at cultural norms, social organizations, political and economic history, religion, gender, caste and ethnicity
What are the rights associated with women and development?
- right to study, work, divorce and control their own property
- the right to express their sexual orientation, right to abortion and to sexual pleasure
- right to involvement in public sphere
What is the double deep situation?
Can women be good mothers and good workers?
What is extreme poverty?
Serious lack of access to life-supporting resources,
What is chronic property?
Lack of access to life supporting resources that endures over a lifetime or generations.
What are underlying causes of poverty?
Keep people in poverty and make it hard to escape.
What are proximate causes of poverty?
short term factors
What is mutual borrowing?
Two societies roughly equal in power exchange aspects of culture.
What is the snowmobile disaster of the Saami people in Finland?
Saami people originally relied on reindeer hunting and reindeer for for transport. The snowmobiles caused the herds to be allowed to roam wider distances which made the herd decline due to exertion and they were scared of the new vehicles. They also now depended on outside world and the gender relations were changed.
Multilateral institutions and examples.
Include several countries as donor members. (UN and World Bank)
Bilateral institutions and examples
Those that involve only two countries (donor and recipient). Ex. Japan international co-op agency.
What is development project?
Set of activities designed to put development policies into action.
Why were development projects failing?
- did not fit the cultural and environmental context
- project benefits did not reach the target group
- intended beneficiaries were worse off after the project than before it
- poor project design bc the rich bureaucrats behind it didn’t actually understand the needs of the people
Who are two groups that are historically negatively affected by development projects? Why?
Indigenous people and women. They are not always considered in the project. Focus on men and the settler communities.
What is an example of a project that failed because women were ignored?
Reforestation project in burkina faso excluded women and then failed because women were the primary plant waterers.
Life project
Local people’s vision of the direct they want to take in life and how to achieve it
How has the Niger delta been affected by development?
Petroleum reserves exploited by European and American countries.
