Chapter 7 Flashcards
Primary group
People who know each other personally and regularly interact.
Secondary group
People who are connected based on common ground but may not directly interact.
What are characteristics of a primary social group?
Informal, voluntary, face to face interaction.
What are some characteristics of typical friendships?
May contribute to socioeconomic security, maintained through balanced exchange, related to micr-cultural factors (similar age, race etc..), usually between social equals.
What did Peggy Sandy research in 1990?
Gynophobic fraternities and gang rape.
What is an example of a countercultural group discussed in class?
Masta Liu on Solomon islands
Why do young people join gangs?
Defiant individualist personality and structural inequality.
What defines a defiant individualist personality?
Intense competitiveness, mistrust, self-reliance, social isolation, strong survival instinct.
How does social capital help poor people?
Norms of trust and reciprocal exchange, culture and social solidarity (network) help poor people to survive and overcome.
What is bonding capital?
Network among same social groups
What is bridging capital?
Network within a locality.
What is linking capital?
Connections to people or institutions which carry power.
What is the Grameen Bank?
Microloan institution in Bangladesh started by Muhammad Yunis, help poor people start business with small loans that have no collateral. Also provides opportunities for women to meet people outside of their families (building social capital!).
What is social stratification?
Hierarchical relationships between different groups based on access to resources, power, entitlement, and roles.
What is role?
Expected behaviour for someone of a particular status including how to look, act, talk, etc…
What is achieved status vs ascribed status?
Achieved status is earned, given, not inherent etc.. Ascribed status is from birth.
What is the functionalist view of social stratification?
Social strat. is essential in order to maintain social order and structure of society.
How did Emile Durkheim view social strat?
As the basis for social solidarity (mechanical and organic)
What is meritocratic individualism?
Idea that rewards go to those that deserve them.
How did critical theorists think of social strat? (Karl Marx)
Functial for powerful people in the society, creates inequality and oppression.
What is race?
Ideology that claims differences among people and their behaviour are “natural” or biologically caused.
What does Boas say about race and culture?
Culture, not biological differences is what shapes human behaviours.
What is ethnicity?
Shared sense of historical group identity in some grounds (history, territory, language, religion)
What is an example of ethnocide?
Tibetan in China
What is an example of diaspora population (no real homeland).
Roma in Europe
What is objectification?
Construction of a collective public identity.
Reification
Form of negative racial or ethnic absolutism that encourages the violent elimination of certain groups.
What is caste?
A ranked group that you are born into. Popular in South Asian countries.
What is the extent of caste in India?
Social institution, guided by Hindu teachings.
What are the two concepts in Indian caste?
Jati (birth groups) and Varnas (social categories from hindu scripture).
What are the four major varnas?
Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaisyas (skilled merchants/traders), Sudras (unskilled workers) , (also untouchables).
What is Jaimani service?
Patron-client relationship among different castes.
What is a civil society? What is an example?
Organized force by members of society that work in between the state and family in order to advance common interest, values or identities. NGOs, CO-MADRES in El Salvador
What does Antonio Gramsci say about civil society?
Civil society is counter hegemonic and resists state and class power.
What did James Myers research?
Californians who were into body modification.
Wow do gender roles affect labour division in Andalucia, Spain?
Men work outside the home, women do domestic work.
What are cooperatives?
A social group based on economic benefits. Members share surpluses and help each other.
What is an example of a cooperative?
Guna women in Panama have coops to help sell their mula fabric.
What is mextizaje?
Label in central and south america that refers to people who are cut off from their indigenous roots, or successful people who retain some indigenous cultural practices.
