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PSYCH 216 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Tentative statement about relationship between two or more variable

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2
Q

What is hypothesis testing?

A

tests whether hypothesis provides plausible explanation for experimental findings

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3
Q

What is proof of contradiction?

A

Proposing null hypothesis and then providing evidence that supports the rejection of the null hypothesis to support Ha

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4
Q

What is the concept of rationale (longer explanation okay if you don’t memorize but know it)

A

It is impossible to say with complete certainty that an effect in a experimental condition is due to a particular cause, never possible to rule out or control for extraneous variable

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5
Q

What is the closest a researcher can come to proving an effect?

A

Claim outcome is reliable with a small margin of error

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6
Q

What is step one in setting up hypothesis testing?

A

Research hypothesis

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7
Q

What is step two in setting up hypothesis testing?

A

Null hypothesis and alternative are stated

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8
Q

What is step 3 in sett ing up ht?

A

Descriptions of variables being tested

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9
Q

What is step four in setting up ht?

A

Description of pop of interest and how it is represented in experiment

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10
Q

What is step 5 in setting up ht?

A

Identification of experimental group and control

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11
Q

What is step 6 in setting up ht?

A

Statement definition of how results are to be measured

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12
Q

The core logic of hypothesis testing is built around the concept of

A

Proof by contradiction

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13
Q

The null hypothesis is stated so as to be _________ to the alternative hypothesis.

A

complementary

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14
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Model for conducting research

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15
Q

What are the steps for the scientific method?

A

Question, research, hypothesis, test hypothesis, analyze and draw conclusions, communicate results

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16
Q

Constructing a testable hypothesis is one step in the ______ _______

A

Scientific method

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17
Q

What are competing hypotheses?

A

different potential explanations for phenomenon tested against each other

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18
Q

What are the two competing hypotheses?

A

Null and Alternative

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19
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

Statement about a population parameter assumed to be true unless there is convincing evidence to the contrary

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20
Q

What is the core logic of hypothesis testing?

A

Null

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21
Q

What does the null hypothesis state?

A

Expected difference btw groups being compared is not there

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22
Q

What is the alternative hypothesis ?

A

directly contradictory to null

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23
Q

What does the alternative summarize?

A

expected or predicted outcome of investigation at hand

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24
Q

What is the alternative also called?

A

Research hypothesis

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25
Q

What happens if the null and alternative are compared together?

A

They represent mutually exclusive outcomes

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26
Q

What is actually being tested in an experiment?

A

The null

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27
Q

The purpose of hypothesis testing is to establish the truth of the research hypothesis. (t/F)

A

False

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28
Q

What are the 3 elements of a testable hypothesis?

A

Identifies groups being compared, specifies level of measurement to be used, states direction of effect in terms of DV

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29
Q

What is the alternative hypothesis (in terms of stating)?

A

Completely stated, measurable outcomes spells out precisely what differences are to be expected and found between groups

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30
Q

Why is directionality important?

A

Determines whether tests of significance is one or two tailed

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31
Q

What does a directional hypothesis state?

A

One measure will be more or less than comparison measure (direction of expected diff.)

32
Q

What does a non-directional hypothesis state?

A

two measure will be diff from each other, not a direction

33
Q

What are the majority of real-world hypotheses?

A

Non-directional

34
Q

What is an experimental study?

A

Introduction or manipulation of IV, while measures on DV are observed (active manipulation. of IV)

35
Q

Should the hypothesis be broad or specific?

A

Specific to get best results (what is expected result, what is manipulated, what expected change is, how it is to be measured)

36
Q

What is a non-experimental study?

A

Pre-existing differences not controlled differences

37
Q

How is the alternative usually stated?

A

Action statement and a complete sentence

38
Q

What is the difference between an experimental and non-experimental study?

A

In an experimental study the IV is actively manipulated while in a non-experimental study the IV is not actively manipulated.

39
Q

Can you put no difference as the null for directional?

A

No, you should predict direction

40
Q

Is it null or not? Statement chart

A

Alternative:
not equal to k: Ha: u ‡ k
… less than k: Ha: u< k
greater than k: Ha:u> k

Null:
equal to k: Ho: u = k

greater than or equal to k: Ho: u≥ k

less than or equal to k: Ho: u <- k

41
Q

Does the null ever have <>

A

No, always have to have the line underneath

42
Q

Given the statement, H1: µ1 > µ2, what is the correct null hypothesis?

A

H0: µ1 ≤ µ2

43
Q

Given a research hypothesis that the average test score of students in online class sections will be different from the average test score of students in classroom-based sections, identify the correct null hypothesis:

A

H0: µ1 = µ2

44
Q

The null hypothesis is considered as the ______ outcome.

A

No effect

45
Q

What is the comparison distribution?

A

Results of the study are compared, represents when the null is true, baseline

46
Q

What does the comparison distribution allow?

A

determine reliability from a single measure or change as a result of experimental treatment

47
Q

What is the function of the comparison distribution?

A

It provides the statistical distribution to which the results of a study are to be compared.

48
Q

The appropriate comparison distribution for comparing an individual score to a known population parameter is a distribution of sample means. (t/f)

A

False

49
Q

The appropriate comparison distribution to use when comparing a sample mean to a known population mean is a distribution of ______.

A

means

50
Q

What is the cutoff score?

A

critical value that marks certain areas of comparison distribution to reference for tests of significance

51
Q

what is the significance level represented by?

A

Alpha (.05 or .01)

52
Q

If it is a two tailed test what do you do to alpha?

A

divide it in half

53
Q

What happens with an alpha score of .05?

A

cuts off the most extreme 5% of the distribution. A score that falls into that area is likely to occur less than 5% of the time if the null hypothesis is true, provides support to alternative hypothesis

54
Q

What is a one-tailed test?

A

Test that predicts more than or less than, because the outcome is in a specific direction

55
Q

What leads to a right tail test?

A

Higher score or more than

56
Q

What leads to a left tail test?

A

Lower score or less than

57
Q

What is a two tailed test?

A

Predicts a different from outcome and does not specify direction

58
Q

What determines alpha?

A

Size of the rejection region

59
Q

A research hypothesis that makes a prediction of a lower score on a measure of the DV would require a ________.

A

Left test

60
Q

A two-tailed test is appropriate for a hypothesis that does not predict a —- outcome.

A

more than or less than

61
Q

What is the rejection region?

A

Area that lies beyond the cutoff score

62
Q

What is the critical value approach?

A

Test statistic that exceeds predetermined critical value provides evidence

63
Q

What is the p-value approach?

A

Probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme as one observed if null is true

64
Q

What is a larger sample more likely to provide?

A

Statistically significant outcomes

65
Q

With a two-tailed test, the rejection region is __________.

A

Split between the two tails of the distribution

66
Q

The p-value of an outcome is the probability of obtaining this result given that the null hypothesis is _________.

A

true

67
Q

Along with whether a result has statistical significance, a researcher should also be concerned with whether the result has ____ significance.

A

practical

68
Q

Step 1 in hypothesis testing

A

State claim and identify null and alternative

69
Q

Step 2 in hypothesis testing

A

Determine alpha

70
Q

Step 3 in ht?

A

Determine appropriate test to use

71
Q

Step 4 in hypothesis testing?

A

Identify critical value

72
Q

Step 5 in ht?

A

Calculate test statistic

73
Q

Step 6 in ht?

A

decide to fail or reject H0

74
Q

Step 7 in ht?

A

Interpret decision

75
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

allow you to make inferences based on a data set

76
Q

What can we test with hypotheses?

A

if one sample belongs to known pop, if two sample came from same or diff pop, if more than two samples come from same pop

77
Q

When should hypotheses be stated?

A

Before data is collected in terms of uhyp

PSYCH 216 (18 decks)

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