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PSYCH 216 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a frequency table?

A

Shows discrete data, values, or scores, together with the frequency of each score

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2
Q

Why are frequency tables useful?

A

Organize and summarize raw data to show the spread or dispersion of data

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3
Q

What is frequency?

A

Tall of the number of observations in each category

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4
Q

What values does frequency include?

A

Every value between the highest and lowest score

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5
Q

What is a relative frequency distribution?

A

Number of scores in each interval represented as proportions or percentages

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6
Q

What is a cumulative frequency distribution?

A

Displays number of scores at or below each interval

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7
Q

What is a relative cumulative frequency distribution?

A

Displays proportion or % of scores that fall at or below each interval

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8
Q

What is step 1 in creating a grouped distribution?

A

Determine the range of the scores (highest score- lowest score)

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9
Q

What is step 2 in creating a grouped distribution?

A

Select and interval width (i)

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10
Q

What is step 3 in creating a grouped distribution?

A

Determine the score at which each interval should begin (this score should be divisible by the interval width)

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11
Q

What is step 4 in creating a grouped distribution?

A

Count up the number of observations in each interval

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12
Q

What do relative frequency distributions allow you to compare?

A

Distributions of different sizes

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13
Q

What are the advantages of grouped distributions?

A

Easier to understand and communicate

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14
Q

What are the disadvantages of grouped distributions?

A

Sacrifices some precision

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15
Q

What does a larger interval width mean?

A

More grouping error

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16
Q

What does our frequency distribution only show?

A

Apparent limits of our intervals

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17
Q

How do you find the real limits?

A

Look one half unit below the lowest value and one half unit above the highest value

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18
Q

How is half a unit determined?

A

Where the discrete measurement ends

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19
Q

What is the mode?

A

Most frequently occurring score

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20
Q

What is central tendency?

A

Single summary figure that describes the central location of a distribution

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21
Q

What is the median?

A

Score that evenly splits the distribution

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22
Q

What is the mean?

A

Sum of all scores/total number of the scores

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23
Q

What would be the best guess if you had to look at a single value for a person in a group?

A

Mode

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24
Q

What are the pros of the mode?

A

Easy, can be used with any scale of measurement

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25
Q

What are the cons of the mode?

A

Not all distributions have modes, some have multiple modes, and it has poor sampling stability

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26
Q

To determine the median what first must be done to the scores?

A

Rank order them

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27
Q

What are the pros of the median?

A

Greater sampling stability, not impacted by outlier scores

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28
Q

What are the cons of the median?

A

Only takes information from the center of a distribution

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29
Q

What does the sigma symbol mean? (E)

A

Sum of whatever follows

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30
Q

What does the X symbol mean?

A

Specifies a particular set of scores

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31
Q

What is the symbol of the mean for a population?

A

u

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32
Q

What does the symbol N mean?

A

Total number of scores in the interval/population

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33
Q

What does the symbol n mean?

A

Total number of scores in a sample

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34
Q

What is the mean sensitive to?

A

Each score in the distribution

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35
Q

What can you use central tendency to create?

A

Deviation scores

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36
Q

What is a deviation score?

A

Difference between each score and the central tendency (X - Mean)

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37
Q

What is the sum of deviations from the mean always?

A

ZERO

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38
Q

Which measure is the balance point of a distribution?

A

Mean

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39
Q

What happens if the distribution is symmetrical?

A

Mean, median, and mode are all the same

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40
Q

What direction will a positive distribution be leaning?

A

Left

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41
Q

What direction will a negative distribution be leaning?

A

Right

42
Q

What can figures convey?

A

A lot of information quickly

43
Q

When are figures a problem?

A

If the figure is not well constructed

44
Q

Why do you have to label figures and graphs?

A

To know what they represent (also need a title)

45
Q

What is variability not?

A

Information about an individual score, shape of a distribution

46
Q

What type of chart do you always have to use relative frequencies for?

A

Pie

47
Q

What should the y-axis of a distribution always start at?

A

Zero

48
Q

What should you do if you are working with interval or ratio data?

A

The intersection of X and Y axes should be zero

49
Q

What should you do if the intervals do not reach zero in your data?

A

Note this break on your graph

50
Q

What are the figure types?

A

Histogram, frequency polygon, and Ogive Curve

51
Q

What can the y-axis be?

A

Frequencies or relative frequencies

52
Q

What are the boundaries of each bar?

A

The real limits of the intervals

53
Q

What is the x-axis on a histogram?

A

Score intervals (labeled using the midpoint of interval)

54
Q

What are histograms used for?

A

To represent interval and ratio data

55
Q

When would you get a bimodal distribution?

A

Data from two underlying populations (two modes)

56
Q

What is a percentile point?

A

Place on a measurement scale where a specified percentage of a distribution falls below

57
Q

What is a percentile rank?

A

Percentage that corresponds to a specific point on measurement scale

58
Q

What is variability?

A

Single statistic that best represents the degree of (dis)similarity between the scores

59
Q

What does central tendency represent in regards to tables?

A

Location of scores

60
Q

What do variability measures include?

A

Range, semi-interquartile range, variance, and standard deviation

61
Q

What does the range increase with?

A

Sample size

62
Q

What is a detail of the range?

A

Only two scores affect the value (highly unstable)

63
Q

What is the semi-interquartile range (Q)?

A

Half the distance between the first and third quartiles

64
Q

What is a quartile point?

A

Three score points that divide distributions into four parts with = number of frequencies in each part

65
Q

What is the equation for Q?

A

Q= P75- P25/ 2

66
Q

What are some details of the semi-interquartile range?

A

More stable than range, only sensitive to middle 50% of the distribution (like median)

67
Q

What does the variance rely on?

A

Summing deviation scores

68
Q

Why do we accomplish by squaring each deviation score?

A

We make them all positive

69
Q

What do we do to get the standard deviation?

A

Take the square root of the variance

70
Q

What are properties of S2 and S?

A

Sensitive to all scores, bad for describing distributions with outlets, good sampling stability, minimized around mean

71
Q

When are squared deviations the smallest?

A

Around the mean

72
Q

What are absolute deviations?

A

Minimized around the median

73
Q

What is a z-score?

A

Distance of a score from the mean in standard deviation units

74
Q

How do you get a z-score?

A

The deviation score divided by standard deviation of the distribution

75
Q

What is the z score formula?

A

z= X-Mean/ Sx

76
Q

What is the mean of any distribution in a z score?

A

Zero

77
Q

What is the standard deviation of any distribution in z-scores?

A

One

78
Q

What is unique about a z-score shape?

A

Shape of distribution is same as with the raw scores

79
Q

What are the advantages of z-scores?

A

Consistent relationship between z-scores and raw scores unlike percentile ranks

80
Q

What do standard scores allow?

A

Some comparisons across distributions of different sizes and scales (roughly the same shape)

81
Q

When is a grouped frequency table useful?

A

Number of scores is so large that displaying them incrementally would make table to large to be a useful summary

82
Q

A grouped frequency table is likely to have between 5 and
________ classes.

A

15

83
Q

What is the midpoint?

A

Point between the upper and Lower class limits

84
Q

What is a frequency polygon?

A

Form of a line graph that emphasizes continuous change in frequencies

85
Q

What is a simple way to make a frequency polygon?

A

Basically plot the frequency and along the x-axis do the intervals and y-axis do frequencies

86
Q

What type of data are histograms used for?

A

Numerical data in continuous categories

87
Q

What type of data are bar charts used for?

A

Frequencies of categorical data

88
Q

What type of chart should nominal data be put into?

A

Bar charts, pie charts

89
Q

What types of charts should interval and ration be put into?

A

Histograms, ogive, and frequency polygons

90
Q

What is an ogive?

A

Used to show how many data values lie below or above a particular value in a set

91
Q

What is an easy way to make an ogive?

A

Plot cumulative frequencies but on the x-axis are the lower class limits and on the y-axis are the higher class limits

92
Q

What does a dot plot show?

A

Frequencies of categories

93
Q

What is a unimodal distribution?

A

Having one of the highest frequency or value

94
Q

What is a bimodal distribution?

A

One with two equal high score frequencies, not considered bimodal unless almost equal

95
Q

What is a multimodal distribution?

A

Has multiple equal peaks

96
Q

What does a negative skew have?

A

Relatively few low values

97
Q

What does a positive skew have?

A

Relatively few high values

98
Q

What is the floor effect?

A

Scores pile up against some lower limit resulting in a positive skew

99
Q

What is the ceiling effect?

A

Scores pile up against some upper limit resulting in a negative skew

100
Q

What is the mean most sensitive to?

A

Outliers or extreme scores

101
Q

What is S2

A

Sample variance

102
Q
A

PSYCH 216 (18 decks)

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