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PSYCH 216 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

xWhat is a population?

A

Basically the entire group

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2
Q

What is a sample?

A

Subset or part of a population to represent a population the sample is drawn from

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3
Q

What is a sample represented by?

A

Data derived from observations, outcomes, responses, measurements, or counts (scores)

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4
Q

A survey is conducted of all residents of an apartment building
to determine the average family size of all residents. The residents
represent a ________.

A

Population

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5
Q

All residents of an apartment building are surveyed to determine average annual income. The data are used to estimate average household income for people living in that neighborhood. The people surveyed represent a ________.

A

Sample

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6
Q

What is a parameter?

A

Numerical description of a measurable population characteristic

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7
Q

What is a statistic?

A

Numerical description of a sample characteristic

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8
Q

What does a parameter provide information on?

A

Whole population

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9
Q

A numerical measure that describes a sample characteristic is a ________.

A

Statistic

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10
Q

A numerical measure that describes an entire group of people or things is a ________.

A

Parameter

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11
Q

The average GPA of thirty students from a large community college having coffee at the student union is a ________.

A

Statistic

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12
Q

What are descriptive statistics?

A

Involve the organization, summarization, and display of data

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13
Q

What are descriptive statistics used for?

A

To present quantitative descriptions in a manageable form

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14
Q

What does descriptive statistics help us with?

A

Simplify large amounts of data into easier parts

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15
Q

What is the downside of descriptive statistics?

A

Basically you don’t know the why, just the data

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16
Q

What are inferential statistics?

A

Drawing conclusions about a population based on data from a collected sample (conclusions extend beyond data in hand)

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17
Q

What is the difference between inferential and descriptive statistics?

A

Inferential is generalizations about things we can’t directly measure, descriptive stats describe data we have collected

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18
Q

When do researchers use inferential statistics?

A

When it is not convenient, or possible to look at the whole population

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19
Q

Graduating high school seniors are ranked according to their grade averages?

A

Descriptive

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20
Q

A survey concludes that most students favor using e-books for texts.

A

Descriptive

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21
Q

Batting averages of ballplayers are posted online.

A

Inferential

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22
Q

A researcher reports that 90% of college students text during class.

A

Inferential

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23
Q

What is quantitative data?

A

Information about qualities

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24
Q

What does quantitative data tell us?

A

How much, or how many of something are presented as sets of numbers

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25
Q

What types of data is quantitative data?

A

Either continuous or discrete

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26
Q

What is continuous data?

A

Can theoretically take on any value within a specific range, can be measured and tells us how much

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27
Q

What is discrete data?

A

Can only take on certain values, gaps between values, can be counted and tells us how many

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28
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Names or categories, observed but not measured, cannot be operated mathematically

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29
Q

What types of data is qualitative data?

A

Descriptive only

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30
Q

What are examples of quantitative discrete?

A

Score of a rugby match, number of siblings, rooms

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31
Q

What are examples of quantitative continuous?

A

Distance between cities, cost of groceries, annual income

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32
Q

What are examples of qualitative data?

A

Make of automobile, city of residence, postal code

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33
Q

What is GPA?

A

Quantitative continuous

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34
Q

What is grade point average as letter grades?

A

Qualitative (categories)

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35
Q

Computer operating system designation

A

Qualitative

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36
Q

Annual salary of professors at the university

A

Quantitative discrete

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37
Q

Number of correct answers on a chemistry exam

A

Quantitative continuous

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38
Q

What is nominal data only?

A

Qualitative (only based on names, labels, or qualities)

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39
Q

What measures of quantity can ordinal data be?

A

Either quantitative or qualitative and can be ordered or ranked into discrete groups

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40
Q

What is statistics?

A

Science of classifying, organizing, and analyzing data

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41
Q

What is data?

A

It could be anything

42
Q

What is information from samples?

A

Statistics

43
Q

What is information from populations?

A

Parameters

44
Q

What do we make inferences on?

A

Populations

45
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Procedures that ensure all samples of a particular size have an equal chance of being selected

46
Q

What are mutually exclusive observations?

A

Each observation has only one appropriate category

47
Q

What are exhaustive observations?

A

All observations fit somewhere

48
Q

What are the four levels of measurement?

A

Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio

49
Q

What is nominal data?

A

Represent categories with only qualitative differences

50
Q

What is nominal data always?

A

Mode.

51
Q

What are examples of nominal data?

A

Eye color, tv brand

52
Q

What is ordinal data?

A

Rank ordered on some dimension, quantitative (more or less than)

53
Q

What does ordinal measurement not guarantee?

A

Equal distance between rankings

54
Q

What are interval scales?

A

Maintain equal distance between the categories

55
Q

What are the details of the interval scale?

A

Differences are comparable on different parts of the scale, but we can’t speak in terms of proportions on that scale

56
Q

What are ratio scales?

A

Allow us to express data in terms of proportions

57
Q

What is the difference between ratio and interval scales?

A

Ratio scales contain a true zero

58
Q

What are examples of ratio scales?

A

Length of TV in inches, and # of months until first repair

59
Q

What are additional properties of ratio scales?

A

Interval and ratio scales have equal spaces between categories, so you can manipulate the scale values, but still maintain the relationship

60
Q

When can variables only be measured?

A

At discrete units, in order to measure

61
Q

What is a statistical question?

A

Questions about the numbers representing the observations

62
Q

What are non-experimental designs?

A

Correlational, observational

63
Q

What are experimental designs?

A

Independent and dependent variables

64
Q

What is the first step of a study design?

A

Identify the population to which you want to apply results, and how you could get a sample from this

65
Q

What is the second step of a study design?

A

Identify any IV and DV and how they will be measured

66
Q

What is the third step of a study design?

A

Identify scale of measurement for your variables

67
Q

What is a statistical conclusion?

A

A conclusion about numerical properties of the data

68
Q

What is inferential procedure?

A

A test

69
Q

What is a research conclusion?

A

Includes assessments of the research methods

70
Q

What are nominal data categories?

A

Mutually exclusive, all must be sorted into one or another category with no overlap

71
Q

What can numbers be used as?

A

Labels but no additional meaning or operability

72
Q

What data set are interval data?

A

Quantitative,

73
Q

What is with the ordinal data?

A

Distance between data is not meaningful

74
Q

What can the data in an ordinal scale indicate?

A

Higher or lower or more than or less than, with respect to a value or characteristic

75
Q

What does it mean in an interval scale that the data is meaningful?

A

Values can be added and subtracted and averages calculated but not ratios, since there is no absolute zero point

76
Q

In an interval scale what does the zero mean?

A

Represents a point on a scale and not an inherent zero

77
Q

What are examples of interval data?

A

Scores on a standardized IQ test, temperature shown on a scale

78
Q

What does the zero in ratio data mean?

A

That the ratio of two data points can be expressed as a multiple of another data point

79
Q

What can ratio levels be?

A

Added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided

80
Q

What are examples of ratio data?

A

Height and weight, numerical scores on an exam

81
Q

What is a variable?

A

Something can can change or be changed, represents different values in an equation

82
Q

What are levels?

A

Not many parts

83
Q

What are scores?

A

A variable that can divided into many parts, what the parts are called

84
Q

What is step 1 in a statistical study?

A

Identify population of interest

85
Q

What is step 2?

A

Develop a detailed plan for collecting data

86
Q

What is step 3 statistical study?

A

Collect the data

87
Q

What is step 4?

A

Describe the data using descriptive statistics

88
Q

What is step 5?

A

Interpret the data and make decisions about population using inferential statistics

89
Q

What is step 6 to a study design?

A

Identify any possible errors and make recommendations

90
Q

What does an experimental study support?

A

Claims of cause and effect

91
Q

What scenario do experimental studies typically involve?

A

Treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally introduced and a result is observed

92
Q

What is an experimental study in simple terms?

A

Researcher applies treatments to participants, records the results and compares to those that got the treatment and those that did not

93
Q

Which study involves active manipulation?

A

Experimental

94
Q

Which study involves passive manipulation?

A

Observational

95
Q

What is a simulation?

A

Modeling random events so that simulated outcomes closely match real-world ones

96
Q

What is the difference between a survey and an observational study?

A

Survey requires interaction with the participants

97
Q

What is validity?

A

How accurate the study is

98
Q

What is reliability?

A

Consistency of results over time and trials that can be established by replicating the results

99
Q

What is replication?

A

Repeating an experiment with different participants to confirm results

100
Q

What is a statistical conclusion in essence?

A

After applying an inferential procedure, we make statistical conclusions about the data

PSYCH 216 (18 decks)

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