Chapter 8-14 Powerpoint Questions Flashcards by Serena Saechia

Which type of muscle tissue is highly branched, possess intercalated discs and is comprised of cells having a single nucleus?
A. Smooth
B. Elastic
C. Skeletal
D. Cardiac

D. Cardiac

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Which cellular component/feature do skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle share?
A. Large number of mitochondria
B. Highly branched cells
C. Under involuntary control
D. Presence of striations

A. Large number of mitochondria

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Which type of muscle tissue is comprised of multinucleated, striated cells that are under voluntary control?
A. Skeletal
B. Cardiac
C. Elastic
D. Smooth

A. Skeletal

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Why do skeletal muscle cells contain high numbers of mitochondria?
A. To supply the ATP needed for skeletal muscle function
B. To give the muscle cell its striated appearance
C. To efficiently move digested food through the GI tract
D. So that the heart continues to beat

A. To supply the ATP needed for skeletal muscle function

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Which type of muscle tissue is comprised of cells that lack striations?
A. Elastic
B. Skeletal
C. Smooth
D. Cardiac

C. Smooth

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Match the letters to its corresponding skeletal muscle structure… (not D)

A. Epimysium
B. Perimysium
C. Endomysium
E. Muscle Fascicle
F. Muscle fibers

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Match the letter to its corresponding skeletal muscle structure…

A. Epimysium
B. Perimysium
C. Endomysium
D. Muscle fascicle
E. Muscle fiber cell
F. Blood vessels and nerves
G. Myofibril

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Match the letter to its corresponding skeletal muscle fiber structure…

A. Mitochondria
B. Sarcolemma
C. Myofibril
D. Thin filament
E. Thick filament
F. Triad
G. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
H. T tubules
I. Sarcoplasma
J. Terminal cisterna

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Match the letter to its corresponding sarcomere structure…

A. Sarcomere
B. Thin filament
C. Thick filament
D. Z line
E. Titin
F. I band
G. A band
H. M line
I. Zone of overlap

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Match the letter to its corresponding skeletal muscle functional level of organization…

A. Skeletal muscle
B. Muscle fascicle
C. Muscle fiber
D. Myofibril
E. Sarcomere

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What transport process is utilized when ACh is released into the synaptic cleft?
A. Phagocytosis
B. Exocytosis
C. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
D. Pinocytosis

B. Exocytosis

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Acetylcholine is a(n) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is a type of chemical released by neurons that changes the plasma membrane permeability or other properties of another cell.
A. Polypeptide
B. Neurotransmitter
C. Enzyme
D. Inorganic neurolipid

B. Neurotransmitter

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During contraction, the entire skeletal muscle shortens and produces a pull, called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, on the tendons on either end of the muscle.
A. Tautness
B. Tension
C. Flexion
D. Strain

B. Tension

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When an action potential travels along the sarcolemma, it triggers the release of calcium ions by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). What part of the SR releases calcium?
A. Terminal cisternae
B. T tubule
C. Z line
D. Medial sulcus

A. Terminal cisternae

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Interactions between thin and thick myofilaments of the sarcomere are responsible for…
A. The conduction of action potentials in the muscle fiber
B. Muscle contraction
C. Muscle relaxation
D. Muscle fatigue

B. Muscle contraction

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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ covers the active sites of action prior to calcium binding to troponin.
A. Myosin
B. Tropomyosin
C. Troponin
D. Titan

B. Tropomyosin

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"Cocking" the myosin head requires energy. What molecule acts as an ATPase to break down ATP for the energy needed to cock the myosin head?
A. Calcium
B. Actin
C. Sodium
D. Myosin

D. Myosin

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Match the skeletal muscle arrangement to its corresponding letter…

A. Parallel muscle
B. Parallel muscle with tendinous bands
C. Wrapping muscle
D. Convergent muscle
E. Unipennate muscle
F. Bipennate muscle
G. Multipennate muscle
H. Circular muscle

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Match the major skeletal muscle to its corresponding letter…

A. Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis 
B. Sternocleidomastoid
C. Rectus abdominis
D. External oblique
E. Deltoid
F. Pectoralis major
G. Serratus anterior
H. Biceps brachii
I. Brachialis

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Match the skeletal muscle arrangement to its corresponding letter…

A. Tensor fasciae latae
B. Iliopsoas
C. Pectineus
D. Adductor longus
E. Sartorius
F. Rectus femoris
G. Vastus lateralis
H. Vastus medialis 
I. Fibularis longus
J. Tibialis anterior

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Match the skeletal muscle arrangement to its corresponding letter…

A. Trapezius
B. Infraspinatus
C. Teres major and minor
D. Rhomboid major
E. Triceps brachii
F. Latissimus dorsi 
G. Brachioradialis
H. Extensor carpi radialis longus 
I. Extensor digitorum 
J. Occipital belly of the occipitofrontalis

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Match the skeletal muscle to its corresponding letter…

A. Gluteus medius
B. Tensor fasciae latae
C. Gluteus maximus
D. Adductor magnus
E. Simitendinosus
F. Semimembranosus
G. Gracilis 
H. Biceps femoris
I. Gastrocnemius
J. Soleus

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Match the skeletal muscle arrangement to its corresponding letter…

A. Frontal belly of occipitofrontalis
B. Orbicularis oculi
C. Levator labii superioris
D. Zygomaticus major
E. Orbicularis oris
F. Depressor anguli oris
G. Temporalis
H. Masseter
I. Buccinator 
J. Platysma

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Match the skeletal muscle arrangement to its corresponding letter…

A. Platysma
B. Deltoid
C. Pectoralis major
D. Latissimus dorsi
E. Serratus anterior
F. External oblique
G. Rectus sheath

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Match the skeletal muscle arrangement to its corresponding letter...

``` A. Sternocleidomastoid B. Trapezius C. Deltoid D. Infraspinatus E. Teres minor F. Teres major G. Triceps brachii H. Latissimus dorsi ```

Match the skeletal muscle arrangement to its corresponding letter...

``` A. Biceps brachii B. Triceps brachii C. Brachialis D. Brachioradialis E. Flexor carpi radialis F. Palmaris longus G. Flexor carpi ulnaris H. Flexor digitorum superficialis I. Flexor retinaculum ```

Match the skeletal muscle to its corresponding letter...

``` A. Gastrocnemius B. Fibularis longus C. Soleus D. Fibularis brevis E. Superior extensor retinaculum F. Calcaneal tendon G. Inferior extensor retinaculum H. Tibialis anterior I. Extensor digitorum longus ```

``` Latin words have been used to assign descriptive names to skeletal muscles. When naming muscles, magnus means ________ and brevis means ________. A. Large; small B. Long; small C. Large; short D. Long; short ```

C. Large; short

``` Using your knowledge of scientific root words, joint movements, and how muscles are named, what is the description and function of the extensor hallicus brevis muscle? A. Small muscle that extends the thumb B. Small muscle that extends the big toe C. Short muscle that extends the tumb D. Short muscle that extends the big toe ```

D. Short muscle that extends the big toe

Match the listed neuron structure to its corresponding letter... (except E, H, I, and K)...

``` A. Nissl bodies B. Nucleus C. Dendrite D. Axon hillock F. Axon G. Telodendria J. Axon terminals ```

``` Using your knowledge of the medical prefix "soma" which of the following descriptions would best define a "somatic cells"? A. A body cell B. A precursor cell C. A cell that engulfs debri D. An apoptotic cell ```

A. A body cell

``` Neurons have a structure called an axolemma. Using your knowledge of neural tissue and medical root words, prefixes, and suffixes, define axolemma. A. Neuronal nucleoplasm B. Axon's cytosol C. Axon's cytoplasm D. Axon's outer layer ```

D. Axon's outer layer

``` What neuron structure functions to carry electrical signals (action potentials) to a target? A. Nissl bodies B. Axon C. Axon hillock D. Mitochondria ```

B. Axon

``` Dense areas of RER and ribosomes located in the neuron's cell body are called... A. Nissl bodies B. Secretory granules C. Exocytic granules D. Inclusion bodies ```

A. Nissl bodies

``` What neuron structure receives information from other neurons? A. Dendrites B. Synaptic vesicles C. Perikaryon D. Nissl bodies ```

A. Dendrites

Match the synapse structure to its corresponding letter... (only A, B, D, and G)

A. Telodendrion B. Axon terminal D. Synaptic vesicles G. Synaptic cleft

Match the neuron structural classification to its corresponding letter...

A. Anaxonic neuron B. Bipolar neuron C. Unipolar neuron D. Multipolar neuron

Match the neuroglia cell type to its corresponding letter...

``` A. Ependymal cell B. Astrocyte C. Oligodendrocyte D. Microglia E. Satellite cell F. Schwann cell ```

Match the myelinated peripheral nerve structures to its corresponding letter... (only A, B, C, D, and G)

``` A. Axon hillock B. Myelinated internode C. Initial segment D. Nodes of Ranvier G. Myelin covering (sheath) ```

``` Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) neuroglial cells called ________ are responsible for the formation of a myelin sheath, while Central Nervous System (CNS) neuroglial cells called _________ are responsible for the formation of a myelin sheath. A. Satellite cells/astrocytes B. Oligodendrocytes/Schwann cells C. Astrocytes/satellite cells D. Schwann cells/oligodendrocytes ```

D. Schwann cells/oligodendrocytes

``` What CNS neuroglial cell type maintains the blood brain barrier? A. Oligodendrocytes B. Microglia C. Satellite cells D. Astrocytes ```

D. Astrocytes

``` Which CNS neuroglial cells remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis? A. Satellite cells B. Astrocytes C. Ependymal cells D. Microglia ```

D. Microglia

``` Which type of neuroglial type would increase in number in the brain tissue of a person with a CNS infection? A. Microglia B. Satellite cell C. Oligodendrocyte D. Astrocyte ```

A. Microglia

Match the anatomical structure of the spinal cord to its corresponding letter... (except E)

``` A. Cervical spinal nerves B. Thoracic spinal nerves C. Lumbar spinal nerves D. Sacral spinal nerves F. Cervical enlargement G. Lumbosacral enlargement H. Conus medullaris I. Cauda equina J. Filum terminale ```

Match the spinal cord structure (cross-section) to its corresponding letter...

``` A. Posterior (dorsal) root B. Spinal ganglion (dorsal root ganglion) C. Central canal D. Spinal nerve E. Anterior root F. Posterior median sulcus G. Anterior median fissure ```

``` What body regions are supplied by nerves from the cervical enlargement? A. Shoulder and upper limbs B. Pelvic structures and lower limbs C. Shoulder and lower limbs D. Pelvic structures and upper limbs ```

A. Shoulder and upper limbs

``` What body regions are supplied by nerves from the lumbar enlargement? A. Shoulder and upper limbs B. Pelvic structures and upper limbs C. Pelvic structures and lower limbs D. Shoulder and lower limbs ```

C. Pelvic structures and lower limbs

``` Every spinal segment is associated with a pair of dorsal root ganglia located near the spinal cord. These ganglia contain the ______ of sensory neurons. A. Neurotransmitters B. Axons C. Cell bodies D. Neurofilaments ```

C. Cell bodies

``` Dorsal roots contain axons that bring ______ information to the spinal cord and ventral roots contain axons that bring ______ commands away from the spinal cord. A. Motor/motor B. Motor/sensory C. Sensory/motor D. Sensory/sensory ```

C. Sensory/motor

Spinal nerves are considered "mixed nerves". What does this mean? A. They contain both axons and cell bodies B. They exclusively contain both unmyelinated and myelinated motor fibers C. They contain both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers D. They contain both afferent (motor) and efferent (sensory) fibers

C. They contain both afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) fibers

Match the spinal cord structure to its corresponding letter...

``` A. Anterior (ventral) rootlets of spinal nerves B. Anterior (ventral) root C. Posterior (dorsal) root D. Posterior (dorsal) rootlets of the spinal nerve E. Spinal (dorsal) ganglion F. Spinal nerve G. Pia matter H. Arachnoid matter I. Dura matter ```

``` Where would a doctor perform a lumbar puncture (spinal tap) on a patient? A. Subdural space B. Subpia space C. Epidural space D. Subarachnoid space ```

D. Subarachnoid space

Match the structure/anatomical landmark of the spinal cord to its corresponding letter... (except D, and I)

``` A. Lateral white column B. Spinal (dorsal) ganglion C. Posterior white column E. Posterior gray commissure F. Anterior gray commissure G. Anterior (ventral) root H. Anterior white commissure J. Anterior white column ```

``` In the spinal cord, gray matter is functionally organized into __________ while white matter is organized into _________. A. Columns/horns B. Horns/commissures C. Columns/commissures D. Horns/columns ```

D. Horns/columns

Match the peripheral nerve structure to its corresponding letter... (except A)

``` B. Epineurium C. Perineurium D. Endoneurium E. Myelinated axon F. Schwann cell G. Fascicle ```

``` Which nerve of the cervical nerve plexus innervates the diaphragm? A. Phrenic nerve B. Ansa cervicalis nerve C. Transverse cervical nerve D. Supraclaviculars nerve ```

A. Phrenic nerve

What would be a likely result of damage to the phrenic nerve? A. Tingling or paralysis of the jaw depending upon the extent of damage B. Tingling or paralysis of the arm depending upon the extent of damage C. Difficulty or cessation of breathing depending upon the extent of damage D. Difficulty or cessation of hearing depending upon the extent of damage

C. Difficulty or cessation of breathing depending upon the extent of damage

``` Carpel Tunnel Syndrome is a condition caused by compression of nerves that innervate the hand, resulting in tingling and numbness in certain fingers and the palm of the hand. Which plexus do these nerves belong to? A. Brachial plexus B. Thoracic plexus C. Lumbar plexus D. Cervical plexus ```

A. Brachial plexus

``` Femoral neuropathy resulting from damage to the femoral nerve can cause symptoms of numbness or tingling in the leg. Which nerve plexus does the femoral nerve belong to? A. Sacral plexus B. Thoracic plexus C. Lumbar plexus D. Coccxygeal plexus ```

C. Lumbar plexus

``` Sciatica is a painful condition caused by pressure on the sciatic nerve, which results in sensations of pain radiating down the leg. Which plexus is the sciatic nerve associated with? A. Sacral plexus B. Thoracic plexus C. Coccyxgeal plexus D. Lumbar plexus ```

A. Sacral plexus

``` A nerve cell found entirely with the CNS that acts as a link between sensory neurons (afferent nerves) and motor neurons (efferent nerves) is called... A. A bipolar neuron B. An interneuron C. An anaxial neuron D. A rami communicans ```

B. An interneuron

Match the neural circuit organization in the left-hand column to its corresponding letter ...

``` A. Divergence B. Convergence C. Serial processing D. Parallel processing E. Reverberation ```

Why is anyone who previously had chickenpox at risk of developing shingles? A. The shingles virus will automatically be activated into a pathogenic form when it contacts immune cells that previously cleared the chickenpox virus B. The shingles virus is attached to the outer envelop of the chickenpox virus, resulting in coinfection C. Chickenpox and shingles are caused by the same virus, but shingles occurs from the activation of the dormant virus within the spinal cord D. Although different than the chickenpox virus, the shingles virus can effectively evade the host's immune system of anyone who previous had been infected by chickenpox, smallpox or cowpox

C. Chickenpox and shingles are caused by the same virus, but shingles occurs from the activation of the dormant virus within the spinal cord

``` Rudolf has developed a painful condition called shingles. What virus is associated with this condition? A. Cytomegalovirus B. Varicella-zoster virus C. Rhabdovirus D. Epstein-Barr virus ```

B. Varicella-zoster virus

``` Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when tissue swelling causes pressure within the carpal tunnel that can result in tingling and numbness of the thumb and certain fingers on the effected hand. What nerve that runs through the carpal tunnel is being affected? A. Median nerve B. Ulnar nerve C. Muscolocutaneous D. Radial nerve ```

A. Median nerve

``` Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome are caused by the compression of a certain nerve located in carpal tunnel of the wrist. When symptoms are moderate to severe, a physician may advise the patient to undergo a carpal tunnel release procedure. What is done during the procedure that releases the pressure in the carpal tunnel? A. The transverse carpal tendon is cut B. The transverse carpal nerve is cut C. The transverse carpal muscle is cut D. The transverse carpal ligament is cut ```

D. The transverse carpal ligament is cut

``` Dorsal root carries _______ sensory information while the ventral root carries ________ motor information. A. Efferent; afferent B. Fast; slow C. Afferent; efferent D. Slow; fast ```

C. Afferent; efferent

You are observing a cross section of the spinal cord. How can you differentiate the anterior portion from the posterior portion based on white matter anatomy? A. The posterior portion has a well-defined fissure, while the anterior has a sulcus B. The anterior portion contains white horns, while the posterior portion has white columns C. The anterior portion has a well-defined fissure, while the posterior has a sulcus D. You cannot differentiate the anterior from the posterior based on the anatomy of white matter

C. The anterior portion has a well-defined fissure, while the posterior has a sulcus

``` Spinal cord white matter surrounds the butterfly- or H-shaped gray matter. White matter is divided into posterior (dorsal), lateral, and anterior (ventral) _________. A. Funiculi B. Horns C. Ligaments D. Dendrites ```

A. Funiculi

What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

Controls emotions, autonomic functions, and hormone production

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

Controls complex somatic motor patterns

What is the function of the Pons?

Relays sensory information to the cerebellum and thalamus

What is the function of the Thalamus?

Relays and processes sensory information

What is the function of the Midbrain?

Processes visual and auditory data, generate reflexive somatic motor responses

What is the function of the Cerebrum?

Conscious thought processes, memory storage/processing, conscious and subconscious skeletal muscle regulation

What is the function of the Medulla Oblongata?

Relays sensory information to the thalamus and other portions of the brainstem, contains autonomic centers for visceral function

Match the brain structure to the corresponding letter... (except F, G, and H)

``` A. Cerebrum B. Diencephalon C. Midbrain D. Pons E. Medulla oblongata I. Cerebellum ```

``` The surface layer of gray matter that covers the cerebrum's white matter is called... A. Cerebral gyri B. Cerebral meninges C. Cerebral cortex D. Cerebral infundibulum ```

C. Cerebral cortex

``` Which brain structure is divided into left and right hemisphere that are connected by the corpus callosum? A. Cerebrum B. Diencephalon C. Cerebellum D. Midbrain ```

A. Cerebrum

``` Elevated ridges of the cerebral cortex are called ________, whereas shallow depressions of the cerebral cortex are called ________. A. Gyri/sulci B. Foramen/aqueducts C. Fissures/foramen D. Sulci/fissures ```

A. Gyri/sulci

``` Which brain structure has a branching pattern of white matter called arbor vitae? A. Cerebrum B. Diencephalon C. Pons D. Cerebellum ```

D. Cerebellum

``` Which brain structure has three divisions called the epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus? A. Mammillary body B. Diencephalon C. Midbrain D. Pons ```

B. Diencephalon

``` Which part of the diencephalon is responsible for regulating body temperature and controlling circadian rhythm? A. Pons B. Epithalamus C. Hypothalamus D. Thalamus ```

C. Hypothalamus

``` What gland is attached to the hypothalamus by a structure called the infundibulum? A. Pituitary B. Pineal C. Adrenal D. Thymus ```

A. Pituitary

``` Which part of the brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord? A. Midbrain B. Diencephalon C. Pons D. Medulla oblongata ```

D. Medulla oblongata

``` The area within each ventricle that produces CSF is called... A. Choroid plexus B. Cauda equina C. Tentorium cerebelli D. Septum pellucidum ```

A. Choroid plexus

Match the ventricular system structure to its corresponding letter...

``` A. Lateral ventricles B. Interventricular foramen C. Third ventricle D. Cerebral aqueduct E. Fourth ventricle ```

``` What is the function of the cranial meninges? A. Protect the brain from cranial trauma B. Relays information to the brainstem C. Production of cerebrospinal fluid D. Hormone production ```

A. Protect the brain from cranial trauma

``` Where is cerebrospinal fluid contained within the cranial meninges? A. Subarachnoid space B. Tentorium cerebelli C. Epidural space D. Subdural space ```

A. Subarachnoid space

``` Which neuroglial cell type anchors pia mater to the surface of the brain? A. Schwann cells B. Microglial cells C. Oligodendrocytes D. Astrocytes ```

D. Astrocytes

Match the brain/menix structure to the corresponding letter... (only A, B, F, H, and I)

``` A. Subarachnoid space B. Pia mater F. Dural sinus H. Subdural space I. Arachnoid mater ```

``` CNS regions that are dominated by myelinated axons are called ________, and CNS regions that are dominated by neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, and unmyelinated axons are called _________. A. Gray matter/white matter B. White matter/white matter C. White matter/gray matter D. Gray matter/gray matter ```

C. White matter/gray matter

Match the brain lobe/structure to its corresponding letter... (except A, C, and H)

``` B. Frontal lobe D. Temporal lobe E. Pons F. Medulla oblongata G. Central sulcus I. Parietal lobe J. Occipital lobe K. Cerebellum ```

``` The classification of cranial nerves that are comprised of both motor and sensory fibers is called _______ nerves. A. Special sensory B. Sense-motor C. Mixed D. Sensory ```

C. Mixed

Match the cranial nerve to its corresponding letter... (except A, and D)

B. Optic nerve C. Oculomotor nerve E. Trigeminal nerve F. Abducens nerve

Match the cranial nerve to its corresponding letter...

``` A. Facial nerve B. Vestibulocochlear nerve C. Glossopharyngeal nerve D. Vagus nerve E. Hypoglossal nerve F. Accessory nerve ```