chapter 8

Question 1

Unprotected Public and Private lands

Answer 1

-80% of the world’s land will remain outside protected areas.

-Many endangered species and unique ecosystems are found partly or entirely on unprotected lands.

-The conservation of biodiversity in these places has to be considered.
-sell conservation development rights

Question 2

Native species can continue to live in unprotected areas when

Answer 2

Native species can continue to live in unprotected areas when those areas are set aside or managed for some purpose that is not harmful to the ecosystem.

	- US military bases
	- estuaries and seas managed for commercial 	fisheries.
	- land of wealthy individuals

Question 3

Human-dominated lanscapes
-Considerable biological biodiversity can be maintained in
-Coffee plantations in
-Traditional agricultur
-Multiple use lands.

Answer 3

-Considerable biological biodiversity can be maintained in well-managed and low-intensity traditional agricultural ecosystems, grazing lands, hunting preserves, forest plantations, and recreational lands.

-Coffee plantations in tropical countries-protected with shade and creates diversity
-Traditional agriculture-traditional rice fields have more birds, modern rice fields have less birds and are more intensive
-Multiple use lands. In US the Bureau of Land Management oversees more than 110 millions ha of multiple-use land-managed for logging, mining, grazing, valued and managed in their ability to protect species

-traditional and non-intensive agricultural practice in landscapes have less herbicides and more habitat heterogeneity
-best lands=more use less optimal lands are being abandoned
-

Question 4

Working with local people
Themes:

Answer 4

-Links private and public landowners, businesses, and conservation organization in a planning framework that facilitates acting together on a large scale.

Themes:
-Science - develop plans for the area that is sustainable
Ensuring viable populations of species, representatives of all ecosystems
-Seeking and understanding connections between all levels and scales in the ecosystem
-Monitoring to adjust management in an adaptive manner –adaptive management. (bioregional management).

-traditional people-high correlation between local people and high conservation value, important in conservation effort, must have strong conservation ethics

Question 5

Working with local people ~400 million indigenous people live in

Answer 5

~400 million indigenous people live in 12% and 19% of the Earths; total land surface.

Most indigenous societies have come into contact with the modern world:
Weakening of ties to the land and conservation ethics- younger generation join modern world and develop new beliefs

Many traditional societies still have strong conservation ethics.

Question 6

-Local people that support conservation and the protection of their local natural resources are often

Answer 6

-Local people that support conservation and the protection of their local natural resources are often inspired to take the lead in protecting biodiversity
-Legal title – the right to ownership of the land that is recognized by the government.(for local people to protect biodiversity)
-Co-management: partnerships of traditional peoples, governments and conservation organizations.
-Need to avoid: ecocolonialism that disregard the traditional rights and practices of local people(changing local people traditions/practices)

Question 7

biosphere reserve

Answer 7

program-combines protection of biodiversity and the customs of traditional societies with aspects of economic development

Question 8

ICDPs

Answer 8

Integrated conservation and development projects (ICDPs) involve local people in sustainable activities that combine biodiversity conservation and economic development.

Question 9

In situ agricultural conservation
Extractive reserves.
Community-based initiatives.

Answer 9

In situ agricultural conservation-combine traditional agricuture and genetic conservation

Extractive reserves. Protected area in which sustainable extraction of certain natural products is allowed. -level of extraction protected and regulated to prevent overexploitation

Community-based initiatives. Protected areas managed and sometimes established by local people.-baboon sanctuary

Question 10

Payments for ecosystem services:
Evaluating conservation initiatives

Answer 10

Payments for ecosystem services: PES
Direct payments to landowners. and local communities to be good land stewards

Evaluating conservation initiatives
Funds
Internal conflicts + poor leadership
Change of traditional practices, economic pressure
Leadership poor

Question 11

Restoring Damaged Ecosystems

Answer 11

Ecological Restoration is the practice of restoring the species and ecosystems that occupied a site at some point in the past.

Restoration Ecology: Science of restoration.- Research and scientific study of restored populations and ecosystems.

Question 12

Targets of major restoration efforts:

Answer 12

Targets of major restoration efforts:
Wetlands-Japan, dragonfly in school, impossible to fully restore
Lakes-lake Erie-will never return to original condition because of exotic species and pollution
Prairies and farmlands-ideal subjects for restoration work-takes centuries to recover, Great Plains
Urban areas- restoring native communities, -landfill in Staten Island

-many restoration efforts incorporate public participation and education and local people take lead in effort to restore
-not enough to just plant trees have to recover whole ecosystem processes
-new habitat is often created as part of mitigation process to compensate for habitats damaged or destroyed somewhere else

Question 13

The future of restoration ecology:

Answer 13

The future of restoration ecology:
Society for Ecological Restoration

Question 14

In many countries, large parcels of government-owned land are desig- nated for multiple use;

Answer 14

that is, they are managed to provide a variety of goods and services

Question 15

legal title

Answer 15

Local people who support conservation and the protection of their local natural resources are often inspired to take the lead in protecting biodiver- sity. Empowering them by helping them to obtain legal title—the right to ownership of the land that is recognized by the government—to their tra- ditional lands isoften an important component ofefforts toestablish locally managed protected areas in developing countries

Question 16

ecocolonialism,

Answer 16

Such new approaches have been developed in an effort to avoid ecocolonialism, the common practice by some governments and conservation organizations of disregarding the traditional rights and customs of indégenous people in order to establish new conservation areas, so named because of its similarity to the historical abuses of native rights by colonial powers of past eras

Question 17

extractive reserve

Answer 17

Understand- ably, local people are very concerned about retaining their rights to continue collecting natural products from newly created protected areas. A type of protected area known as an extractive reserve may present a sustainable solution to this problem. In such programs, the level of extraction is moni- tored and regulated to prevent overexploitation.

Question 18

payments for ecosys- tem services.

Answer 18

Such an approach has the advantage of greater simplicity than programs that attempt to link conservation with economic development. These types of programs are sometimes referred to as payments for ecosys- tem services.

Question 19

ecosystem management,

Answer 19

Thisviewpoint isencompassed intheconcept of ecosystem management, a system of large-scale management involving multiple stakeholders, the primary goal of which is preserving ecosystem components and processes for the long term while still satisfying the current needs of society

Question 20

adaptive management (

Answer 20

monitoring significant components of the ecosystem (numbers of indi- viduals of significant species, vegetation cover, water quality, etc.), gathering the needed data, and then using the results to adjust man- agement in an adaptive manner—a process sometimes referred to as adaptive management

Question 21

bioregional manage-
ment,

Answer 21

A logical extension of ecosystem
management isbioregional manage-
ment, which focuses on a single large
ecosystem such as the Caribbean Sea,
the Great Barrier Reef of Australia, or a
series of linked ecosystems such as the
protected areas of Central America.

Question 22

compensatory mitigation,

Answer 22

Restoration efforts are sometimes part of acompensatory mitigation, in which a new site is created or rehabilitated as a substitute for a site that has been destroyed by development

Question 23

adaptive restoration

Answer 23

To determine whether the goals of restoration projects are being achieved, both the restoration and the reference sites need to be monitored for years, even decades, to determine how well management goals are being achieved and whether further intervention is required, an approach that iscalled adaptive restoration

Question 24

Approaches toecosystem restoration

Answer 24

1. No action: Restoration is deemed too expensive, previous attempts have failed, or experience has shown that the ecosystem will recover on itsown. Such passive restoration occurs when abandoned agricul- tural fields return to forest.
2. Replacement: A degraded ecosystem isreplaced with a different but pro- ductive ecosystem type (for example, a degraded forest might be replaced with a productive pasture). Just a few species may be replaced, or a larger scale replacement of many species may be attempted.
3. Partial restoration: At least some of the ecosystem functions and some of the original dominant species are restored. An example is replant- ing a degraded grassland with a few species that can survive and are critical to ecosystem function, while delaying action on the rare species that are part of acomplete restoration program (Figure 8.7B).
4. Complete restoration: The area is restored to its original species compo- sition, ecosystem structure, and ecosystem processes with an active program of elimination (or reduction) of damaging agents, site modifi- cation, and reintroduction of original species (Figure 8.7C).

Question 25

limnology

Answer 25

(the study of the chemistry, biology, and physics of freshwater)

Question 26

biocultural restoration,

Answer 26

A key element in the Guanacaste restoration plan iswhat has been termed biocultural restoration, meaning that the staff teaches basic biology and ecology to students in neighboring schools and gives presentations to citi- zen groups.

Question 27

onciliation ecology,

Answer 27

Develop-
ing places in which people and biodiversity can coexist has been termed rec- onciliation ecology, and this approach will increase in importance as urban areas expand