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Conservation biology > chapter 2 > Flashcards

chapter 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Biodiversity

A

complete range of species and biological communities, genetic variation within species and all ecosystem processes

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2
Q

Types of biodiversity or biological diversity

A
  1. Species diversity-all species on earth, including single celled bacteria, Arachne, protist and multicellular species: plants, fungi, animals.
  2. genetic diversity- genetic variation among species in one population and among geographically separate population of species
  3. Ecosystem diversity- diff. biological communities and processes involving the chemical and physical environment.
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3
Q

Species diversity

A

Entire range of evolutionary and ecological adaptations of species to particular environments.

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4
Q

Species concepts:

A

Morphological: a group of individuals that is morphological, physiological, or biochemical distinct from other groups. (phenotype: is what differentiates: look diff=diff species)

Biological: A group of individuals that can potentially breed among themselves in the wild and that do not breed with other individuals of other groups. es: mules horses and donkeys)(hybrid not species can’t reproduce anymore)

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5
Q

Scientific names
Taxonomists use

A

Taxonomists use morphological and genetic information to identify species . (use structure and diff. markers on genes)

Species concepts:
Morphological: a group of individuals that is morphological, physiological, or biochemical distinct from other groups. (morphology also a problem to realize that individuals in the same species might look diff.) (morphology- form and structure appearance)

Biological: A group of individuals that can potentially breed among themselves in the wild and that do not breed with other individuals of other groups.(mostly used by evolutionary biologists difficult to use)

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6
Q

binomial

A

each species has a given unique two-part name

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7
Q

hybrids

A

can’t reproduce anymore, intermediate forms that blur the distinction between species that are related but distinct

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8
Q

cryptic biodiversity

A

widespread existence of undescribed species that have been wrongly classified and grouped with a similar appearing species.

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9
Q

Region 1

A

if question asks for saving mountain it is region 1 because it has the highest # for alpha. greater number of species per mountain

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10
Q

Region 2

A

save species. Choose region 2 since it has the highest gamma, it has the highest number of species.

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11
Q

Region 3

A

save uniqueness. It has the highest beta, diff. species each mountain.

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12
Q

Genetic diversity denoted in 3 ways

A

-spessies richness (alpha diversity)
-Gamma diversity-# of species found across a large region with a number of ecosystems
-beta diversity- links the alpha and gamma. represents the rate of change of species composition as one moves across a large region. gamma/alpha

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13
Q

Genetic variation:

A

Individuals within a population may be genetically different from one another to varying degrees.

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14
Q
    • Population:
A

a group of individuals (can be few or millions) at a certain place that can potentially mate with one another and produce offspring. Species can have one or more pop.

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15
Q

Genetic variation within a species can allow the species to

A

adapt to environmental change.

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16
Q

genes
alleles
mutation
fitness

A

genes-blueprint for proteins of life
alleles-diff. forms of gene
mutation-where differences arise because of alleles
fitness- ability to survive and reproduce

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17
Q

gene pool

A

total of genes and alleles in a population

18
Q

polymorphic genes-
heterozygous-
homozygous-
rare species=

A

-genes that have more than one allele
-receive diff. allele from parents
-receive same allele from parents
=less genetic variation vulnerable to extinction

19
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

Results from the collective response of species to different environmental conditions.

20
Q

Community

A

Community: all the species that occupy a particular locality and the interactions among those species.

21
Q

Ecosystem

A

Ecosystem: A biological community together with its associated physical and chemical environment.

22
Q

Succession

A

Succession: Gradual process of change in species composition, community structure, soil chemistry, and microclimatic characteristics that occurs following natural or human-caused disturbance in a community.

primary-ex: mountain with ice cap melts with climate change, first time ever it will have life.

secondary-there was already vegetation
ex; humans crop area and abandon the area, forest comes back.

23
Q

ecosystem process

A

-water cycles(evaporation), nutrient cycles(soil- decomposition), energy cycles(photosynthesis)

24
Q

limiting resource can restrict what

A

can restrict pop. size and distribution of species.

25
Q

Species interactions

A

predator-prey (hunt and kill prey)

+mutualism +-reach higher densities when they occur together than when one of the species is present. -symbiotic relationship-cannot live without the other

+Commensalism0
-amensalism0
+parasitism-

parasitoids-kill the host -not immediate death

26
Q

carrying capacity

A

of resources of an ecosystem that can support species

-amount of resources available to sustain a pop./species

27
Q

trophic levels

A

1st trophic level-primary producers-energy from sun-usually has the greatest biomass
2nd-herbivores (primary consumers) eat plants
3rd-Carnivores-obtain energy by eating other animals (secondary consumers) some are omnivores eat both
Decomposers-feed on dead plant and animal tissues and waste, release minerals

28
Q

species interactions
food chain
food web
keystone species
-loss of these species creates

A

Food chains- very specific feeding that species have-only feed on one species
Food webs-more complex, competition, feed on several diff. species.

Key stone species: strongly affect the abundance and distribution of other species in an ecosystem. ex: ocelot
-may be top predators
-loss of these species creates a trophic cascade-great loss in biodiversity and dramatic changes in vegetation

29
Q

Guild

A

species at the same trophic level that use approximately the same environmental resources=is a guild of competing species

30
Q

keystones
-loosing keystone species=

A

-ecosystem engineers-greatly modify physical environment.
-loosing keystone species=extinction cascade -results in degraded ecosystem with lower diversity at all trophic levels
-keystone resources es: deep pools, streams, ponds during dry season

31
Q

ecosystem integrity

A

ecosystem is intact and functional

32
Q

stable ecosystem

A

remain in the same state

33
Q

resistance

A

maintain same state despite disturbance

34
Q

resilience

A

being able to return to the same state quickly after disturbance.

35
Q

How many species exist?
richness areas

A
  • 1.5 million of species have been described
    Estimations: 5 to 100 millions
    Richness areas:
    Tropical forest
    Coral reefs
    Deciduous forest
    Deep sea
    Mediterranean climates

-200,000 new species each year

36
Q

most abundant species

A

insects

37
Q

new methods

A

-techinical climbing equipment to research top of tropical trees
-use DNA tech to investigate the interior of leaves of healthy tropical trees
-use new sampling techniques have revealed a diversity of new bacterial communitites

38
Q

Distribution of species

A

-most species rich environments appear to be tropical rain forests, coral reefs, deep sea

39
Q

greater diversity of species=

A

tropical rain forests

40
Q

patters of diversity are parallel by patterns in

A

marine species, again with an increase in species diversity toward the tropics

41
Q

environmental variation=

A

genetic variation
-mostly in hot area, abundant rainfall.

Conservation biology (9 decks)

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