Chapter 8 Flashcards
Absorption
The movement of substances from the external environment across the cell membranes into the internal environment of a cell or organism
Amino acid
A nitrogen-containing compound hat is a building block of protiens
Assimilation
The process through which an organism incorporates nutrients from outside its body into the more complex structures needed in its fluid or solid state
ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
A high-energy compound composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; releases energy from cellular reactions when its last phosphate group is removed and converted to ADP (Adonine Diphosphate)
Autotroph
An organism capable of making its own food for inorganic substances using light energy (Photosynthesis) or chemical energy (Chemosynthesis); includes green plants, algae and certain bacteria
Biomacromolecule
A molecule that has an important structural or functional role in cells
Carbohydrate
An organic compound that is a structural component of cells and a major energy source in the diet of animals; includes sugar, starches, celluloses, and gums
Cell
The basic structural unit of all life forms on Earth
Cellular respiration
Glucose + Oxygen ——-> Carbon dioxide + Water
Chemosynthesis
The synthesis of organic substances using energy from chemical reactions
Chlorophyll
The green pigment found in chloroplasts; It is able to absorb light energy, making it available for photosynthesis by the stroma and thylakoid membrane
Chloroplast
A membrane- bound organelle found in the cytoplasm the containing the green pigment chlorophyll, which main function is to be the site of photosynthesis and storage for carbohydrates
Cristae
The folded inner membrane inside mitochondria, provides increased surface area for cellular respiration
Cytoplasm
All the fluid. dissolved materials and organelles between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane
Cytosol
The part of the cytoplasm containing highly organised fluid material with dissolved substances
Disaccharide
Two linked monosaccharide molecules
DNA
An information molecule
Contains instructions, written in a chemical code,
for the production of proteins
Endocytosis
The movement of solids or liquids into a cell from the environment via vesicle formation
Endoplasmic Reticulum
An organelle in eukaryotic cells Consists of an interconnecting system of thin membrane sheets, dividing the cytoplasm into compartments and channels, -Transports protiens -Synthesises Lipids -Assists in creating cell membrane
Endosymbiotic theory
Theory suggesting that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose from ancient prokaryote cells that were ingested by other prokaryote host cells
Enzyme
A specific biological catalyst that increases the rate of chemical reaction
Eukaryote
Type of of cell with
A nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles
Golgi apparatus
collection of membranes
package and store substances into vesicles in for exocytosis
Glycoprotien
A protein molecule with an attached carbohydrate chain
Lipid
A type of organic molecule that includes fats and oils; insoluble in water
- Energy storage
- Structural component of membrane
Lysosome
An organelle within the cytoplasm containing digestive enzymes
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
A ribonucleic acid formed in the nucleus
that is complementary to DNA
Travels to the cytoplasm where its information is read by ribosomes to determine which amino acids are joined together to form protein
Metabolism
Sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism
catabolic reactions
Anabolic reactions
MItochondria
An organelle within the cytoplasm that is the site of cellular respiration, releasing energy for the cell
Monomer
A small molecule that acts as a building block for macromolecules
Monosaccharide
A simple sugar (e.g glucose)
Cannot be broken down into smaller sugar molecules
Nucleic acid
Large organic molecule made up of nucleotides
Primary information carrying molecule
Nucleotide
An organic compound composed of
Sugar
A phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
Sub-unit of DNA and RNA
Photosynthesis
Metabolic process where sunlight energy is converted into stored chemical energy in carbohydrates
Carbon dioxide + Water –Through sunlight and chlorophyll —> glucose and oxygen
Plasmid
Piece of DNA found in bacteria
Is able to replicate independently
Polymer
A large molecule built up of linking smaller molecules together
Polysaccharide
A type of complex carbohydrate that is made up of linked simple sugars
Prokaryote
Type of cell
Lacks a nucleus
Lacks Membrane-bound organelles
Protien
Large organic molecule Built up of amino acids with specific structural and functional roles in living thing -repairs damaged tissue -coordinates bodily functions
Ribosome
A small structure present in high numbers in all cells
Builds amino acids into complex proteins
Not membrane bound
RNA
A single stranded nucleic acid
transcribes and translates information from DNA into proteins.
Not membrane bound
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to it
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
no ribosomes attached
Stroma
Jelly like semi fluid
Interior of a chloroplast
Thylakoid Membrane
Interconnected folded membrane within chloroplasts
Triglyceride
A simple lipid formed by linking glycerol with three fatty acids
Vesicle
Small membrane bound sac
in the cytoplasm that transports, stores or digests substances
Production, transport and secretion of proteins
- protien building instructions from nucleus
- Protien chains made on ribosomes
- Some protiens have signal peptide and eneter lumen of ER and are modified
- Lipids are manufactured in the membrane of smooth ER
- Vesicles from ER membrane transport unfinished protein and lipids to Golgi apparatus
- Protins and lipids take on final form in golgi apparatus
- Vesicles from golgi membrane transport finished products to the cell membrane where they are released exocytosis
Carbohydrate classification
Monosaccharides (glucose)
Disaccharides (Sucrose)
Polysaccharides (Cellulose)
4 Biomacromolecules
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic acid
- Carbohydrates
Cellular Respiration
Chemical bonds in glucose are broken, providing energy in a form the cell can use in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate
Monomer of Nucleic acid
Nuecleotides
Monomer of Protien
Amino acids
Monomer Lipids
Fatty acids, glycerol
Monomer of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (glucose)
