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Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of substances from the external environment across the cell membranes into the internal environment of a cell or organism

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2
Q

Amino acid

A

A nitrogen-containing compound hat is a building block of protiens

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

The process through which an organism incorporates nutrients from outside its body into the more complex structures needed in its fluid or solid state

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4
Q

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

A

A high-energy compound composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; releases energy from cellular reactions when its last phosphate group is removed and converted to ADP (Adonine Diphosphate)

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5
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism capable of making its own food for inorganic substances using light energy (Photosynthesis) or chemical energy (Chemosynthesis); includes green plants, algae and certain bacteria

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6
Q

Biomacromolecule

A

A molecule that has an important structural or functional role in cells

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7
Q

Carbohydrate

A

An organic compound that is a structural component of cells and a major energy source in the diet of animals; includes sugar, starches, celluloses, and gums

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8
Q

Cell

A

The basic structural unit of all life forms on Earth

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9
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen ——-> Carbon dioxide + Water

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10
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

The synthesis of organic substances using energy from chemical reactions

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11
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The green pigment found in chloroplasts; It is able to absorb light energy, making it available for photosynthesis by the stroma and thylakoid membrane

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12
Q

Chloroplast

A

A membrane- bound organelle found in the cytoplasm the containing the green pigment chlorophyll, which main function is to be the site of photosynthesis and storage for carbohydrates

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13
Q

Cristae

A

The folded inner membrane inside mitochondria, provides increased surface area for cellular respiration

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All the fluid. dissolved materials and organelles between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane

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15
Q

Cytosol

A

The part of the cytoplasm containing highly organised fluid material with dissolved substances

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16
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two linked monosaccharide molecules

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17
Q

DNA

A

An information molecule
Contains instructions, written in a chemical code,
for the production of proteins

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18
Q

Endocytosis

A

The movement of solids or liquids into a cell from the environment via vesicle formation

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19
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A 
An organelle in eukaryotic cells
Consists of an interconnecting system of thin membrane sheets, dividing the cytoplasm into compartments and channels, 
-Transports protiens
-Synthesises Lipids 
-Assists in creating cell 
 membrane
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20
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Theory suggesting that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose from ancient prokaryote cells that were ingested by other prokaryote host cells

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21
Q

Enzyme

A

A specific biological catalyst that increases the rate of chemical reaction

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22
Q

Eukaryote

A

Type of of cell with
A nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles

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23
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

collection of membranes

package and store substances into vesicles in for exocytosis

24
Q

Glycoprotien

A

A protein molecule with an attached carbohydrate chain

25
Q

Lipid

A

A type of organic molecule that includes fats and oils; insoluble in water

  • Energy storage
  • Structural component of membrane
26
Q

Lysosome

A

An organelle within the cytoplasm containing digestive enzymes

27
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

A ribonucleic acid formed in the nucleus
that is complementary to DNA
Travels to the cytoplasm where its information is read by ribosomes to determine which amino acids are joined together to form protein

28
Q

Metabolism

A

Sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism
catabolic reactions
Anabolic reactions

29
Q

MItochondria

A

An organelle within the cytoplasm that is the site of cellular respiration, releasing energy for the cell

30
Q

Monomer

A

A small molecule that acts as a building block for macromolecules

31
Q

Monosaccharide

A

A simple sugar (e.g glucose)

Cannot be broken down into smaller sugar molecules

32
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Large organic molecule made up of nucleotides

Primary information carrying molecule

33
Q

Nucleotide

A

An organic compound composed of
Sugar
A phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
Sub-unit of DNA and RNA

34
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Metabolic process where sunlight energy is converted into stored chemical energy in carbohydrates
Carbon dioxide + Water –Through sunlight and chlorophyll —> glucose and oxygen

35
Q

Plasmid

A

Piece of DNA found in bacteria

Is able to replicate independently

36
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule built up of linking smaller molecules together

37
Q

Polysaccharide

A

A type of complex carbohydrate that is made up of linked simple sugars

38
Q

Prokaryote

A

Type of cell
Lacks a nucleus
Lacks Membrane-bound organelles

39
Q

Protien

A 
Large organic molecule
Built up of amino acids
with specific structural and functional roles in living thing
-repairs damaged tissue
-coordinates bodily functions
40
Q

Ribosome

A

A small structure present in high numbers in all cells
Builds amino acids into complex proteins
Not membrane bound

41
Q

RNA

A

A single stranded nucleic acid
transcribes and translates information from DNA into proteins.
Not membrane bound

42
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to it

43
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

no ribosomes attached

44
Q

Stroma

A

Jelly like semi fluid

Interior of a chloroplast

45
Q

Thylakoid Membrane

A

Interconnected folded membrane within chloroplasts

46
Q

Triglyceride

A

A simple lipid formed by linking glycerol with three fatty acids

47
Q

Vesicle

A

Small membrane bound sac

in the cytoplasm that transports, stores or digests substances

48
Q

Production, transport and secretion of proteins

A
  1. protien building instructions from nucleus
  2. Protien chains made on ribosomes
  3. Some protiens have signal peptide and eneter lumen of ER and are modified
  4. Lipids are manufactured in the membrane of smooth ER
  5. Vesicles from ER membrane transport unfinished protein and lipids to Golgi apparatus
  6. Protins and lipids take on final form in golgi apparatus
  7. Vesicles from golgi membrane transport finished products to the cell membrane where they are released exocytosis
49
Q

Carbohydrate classification

A

Monosaccharides (glucose)
Disaccharides (Sucrose)
Polysaccharides (Cellulose)

50
Q

4 Biomacromolecules

A
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acid
  • Carbohydrates
51
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Chemical bonds in glucose are broken, providing energy in a form the cell can use in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate

52
Q

Monomer of Nucleic acid

A

Nuecleotides

53
Q

Monomer of Protien

A

Amino acids

54
Q

Monomer Lipids

A

Fatty acids, glycerol

55
Q

Monomer of Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides (glucose)

Biology (11 decks)

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