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Biology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of substances from the external environment across the cell membranes into the internal environment of a cell or organism

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2
Q

Amino acid

A

A nitrogen-containing compound hat is a building block of protiens

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

The process through which an organism incorporates nutrients from outside its body into the more complex structures needed in its fluid or solid state

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4
Q

ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)

A

A high-energy compound composed of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups; releases energy from cellular reactions when its last phosphate group is removed and converted to ADP (Adonine Diphosphate)

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5
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism capable of making its own food for inorganic substances using light energy (Photosynthesis) or chemical energy (Chemosynthesis); includes green plants, algae and certain bacteria

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6
Q

Biomacromolecule

A

A molecule that has an important structural or functional role in cells

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7
Q

Carbohydrate

A

An organic compound that is a structural component of cells and a major energy source in the diet of animals; includes sugar, starches, celluloses, and gums

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8
Q

Cell

A

The basic structural unit of all life forms on Earth

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9
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen ——-> Carbon dioxide + Water

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10
Q

Chemosynthesis

A

The synthesis of organic substances using energy from chemical reactions

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11
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The green pigment found in chloroplasts; It is able to absorb light energy, making it available for photosynthesis by the stroma and thylakoid membrane

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12
Q

Chloroplast

A

A membrane- bound organelle found in the cytoplasm the containing the green pigment chlorophyll, which main function is to be the site of photosynthesis and storage for carbohydrates

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13
Q

Cristae

A

The folded inner membrane inside mitochondria, provides increased surface area for cellular respiration

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14
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All the fluid. dissolved materials and organelles between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane

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15
Q

Cytosol

A

The part of the cytoplasm containing highly organised fluid material with dissolved substances

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16
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two linked monosaccharide molecules

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17
Q

DNA

A

An information molecule
Contains instructions, written in a chemical code,
for the production of proteins

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18
Q

Endocytosis

A

The movement of solids or liquids into a cell from the environment via vesicle formation

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19
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A 
An organelle in eukaryotic cells
Consists of an interconnecting system of thin membrane sheets, dividing the cytoplasm into compartments and channels, 
-Transports protiens
-Synthesises Lipids 
-Assists in creating cell 
 membrane
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20
Q

Endosymbiotic theory

A

Theory suggesting that chloroplasts and mitochondria arose from ancient prokaryote cells that were ingested by other prokaryote host cells

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21
Q

Enzyme

A

A specific biological catalyst that increases the rate of chemical reaction

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22
Q

Eukaryote

A

Type of of cell with
A nucleus
Membrane-bound organelles

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23
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

collection of membranes

package and store substances into vesicles in for exocytosis

24
Q

Glycoprotien

A

A protein molecule with an attached carbohydrate chain

25
Lipid
A type of organic molecule that includes fats and oils; insoluble in water - Energy storage - Structural component of membrane
26
Lysosome
An organelle within the cytoplasm containing digestive enzymes
27
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
A ribonucleic acid formed in the nucleus that is complementary to DNA Travels to the cytoplasm where its information is read by ribosomes to determine which amino acids are joined together to form protein
28
Metabolism
Sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism catabolic reactions Anabolic reactions
29
MItochondria
An organelle within the cytoplasm that is the site of cellular respiration, releasing energy for the cell
30
Monomer
A small molecule that acts as a building block for macromolecules
31
Monosaccharide
A simple sugar (e.g glucose) | Cannot be broken down into smaller sugar molecules
32
Nucleic acid
Large organic molecule made up of nucleotides | Primary information carrying molecule
33
Nucleotide
An organic compound composed of Sugar A phosphate group and a nitrogenous base Sub-unit of DNA and RNA
34
Photosynthesis
Metabolic process where sunlight energy is converted into stored chemical energy in carbohydrates Carbon dioxide + Water --Through sunlight and chlorophyll ---> glucose and oxygen
35
Plasmid
Piece of DNA found in bacteria | Is able to replicate independently
36
Polymer
A large molecule built up of linking smaller molecules together
37
Polysaccharide
A type of complex carbohydrate that is made up of linked simple sugars
38
Prokaryote
Type of cell Lacks a nucleus Lacks Membrane-bound organelles
39
Protien
``` Large organic molecule Built up of amino acids with specific structural and functional roles in living thing -repairs damaged tissue -coordinates bodily functions ```
40
Ribosome
A small structure present in high numbers in all cells Builds amino acids into complex proteins Not membrane bound
41
RNA
A single stranded nucleic acid transcribes and translates information from DNA into proteins. Not membrane bound
42
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to it
43
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
no ribosomes attached
44
Stroma
Jelly like semi fluid | Interior of a chloroplast
45
Thylakoid Membrane
Interconnected folded membrane within chloroplasts
46
Triglyceride
A simple lipid formed by linking glycerol with three fatty acids
47
Vesicle
Small membrane bound sac | in the cytoplasm that transports, stores or digests substances
48
Production, transport and secretion of proteins
1. protien building instructions from nucleus 2. Protien chains made on ribosomes 3. Some protiens have signal peptide and eneter lumen of ER and are modified 4. Lipids are manufactured in the membrane of smooth ER 5. Vesicles from ER membrane transport unfinished protein and lipids to Golgi apparatus 6. Protins and lipids take on final form in golgi apparatus 7. Vesicles from golgi membrane transport finished products to the cell membrane where they are released exocytosis
49
Carbohydrate classification
Monosaccharides (glucose) Disaccharides (Sucrose) Polysaccharides (Cellulose)
50
4 Biomacromolecules
- Lipids - Proteins - Nucleic acid - Carbohydrates
51
Cellular Respiration
Chemical bonds in glucose are broken, providing energy in a form the cell can use in the form of Adenosine Triphosphate
52
Monomer of Nucleic acid
Nuecleotides
53
Monomer of Protien
Amino acids
54
Monomer Lipids
Fatty acids, glycerol
55
Monomer of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides (glucose)

Biology (11 decks)

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