Chapter 8 & 10 Flashcards
3 characteristics of motivation (what 3 things must we do)
1) activation- begin behaviour to achieve motive
2) persistence- continue that behaviour
3) intensity- greater vigour in responding
What does the drive there say? (Related to motivation)
Our behaviour is a result of a drive that creates tension. We must maintain homeostasis (body equilibrium)
Ex- hunger
There is a shortcoming to drive theories.. what is it?
Drive theories only cover biological drives, it doesn’t explain other drives to do things such as attend university, or body modification (tattoos cause pain but we still get them)
Incentive theories says what about motivation?
It says that external stimuli motivate our behaviours (reward driven)
- emphasizes effects of the environment
- may or may not reduce drives
Expectance value model says what about motivation?
Motivation depends on 2 things:
•expectancy (do we expect the goal to be achieved?)
•value (do we give this goal even importance to achieve it?)
-if both are high, the action will be taken & goal achieved
Evolutionary theories say what about motivation?
Motives are a product of evolution, we do things to maximize reproductive success
-we want to pass on “good genes” to ensure our offspring will be successful, leads to aggression/competition in mate selection
There are 4 different types of motivation (different attitudes we take on when achieving something), what are they?
Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Approach
Avoidance
What drives intrinsic motivation?
You do something because you enjoy it
What drives extrinsic motivation?
You do it because it leads to a certain outcome or reward
What drives approach motivation?
You do it to experience a positive outcome
What drives avoidance motivation?
You do it to avoid experiencing a negative outcome
- we tend to work harder not to lose something than to work to gain something else
- negativity is stronger than positivity
What does the self determination theory (SDT) say about humans?
Optimal human functioning can occur only if psychological needs for autonomy, competence & relatedness are met
There are 3 key biological factors that determine when we are hungry, what are they?
1) the brain (mainly the hypothalamus)
2) blood sugar levels
3) hormones (insulin & leptin)
What’s our best cue from those 3 biological factors that tell us we’re hungry?
Blood sugar levels. They must stay relatively constant to avoid spikes & crashes.
*original thought was the hypothalamus had an on/off switch (LH=on, VH=off)
Insulin is produced where? What does it do?
Produced/secreted from pancreas.
Insulin helps cells take glucose out of the bloodstream for use (more insulin= more hunger)
Leptin is produced where? What does it do?
Leptin is produced by fat cells. It provided information about fat cells, lets the body know about our fat ‘reserves’
3 eating extremes- what are they?
Obesity
Anorexia
Bulimia
There are 2 hormones involved in sexual behaviour, what are they?
Androgen (testosterone) & estrogen
- both males & females
- a lot= higher sex drive
What does the parental investment theory say?
It claims that a species mating patterns will by influenced by the investment of each sex
- males have a smaller investment in offspring, will compete for many partners
- females have a larger investment in offering, will be more ‘picky’ when choosing a mate
What do males look for when choosing a mate?
- many partners
- fertile, young & healthy
- attractive
What do females look for when choosing a mate?
- single partner
- many resources, financial stability
- experience, social status & ambition
4 stages in the sexual response cycle?
1) excitement
2) plateau
3) orgasm
4) resolution (refractory period in males)
Definition of emotion
A subjective experience accompanied by bodily arousal & overt expressions
-cognitive, physiological & behavioural
Motive & motivation
Motive: the needs, wants, desires..
Motivation: goal directed behaviour to satisfy motive
6 major emotions
Happy Sad Anger Disgust Surprise Fear *content
Cognitive component (emotion)
Appraisal of events are related to the emotions we experience (can be positive or negative)
Physical component (emotion)
Emotions are associated with the activation of neurotransmitter system & ANS arousal
Ex- muscle tensioning when angry
*the amygdala will recognize fear before we even process what the danger is
Behavioural component (emotion)
Emotions are shown overt expressions & body language
* we tend to mirror people we like
There are 3 theories of emotion, what are they?
1) James-Lange (JL)
2) Cannon-Bard (CB)
3) Schacter’s 2 factor (S2)
How does the James-Lange theory of emotion describe it?
We feel emotion as a result of our physical condition (autonomic arousal)
Ex- we must be afraid because our heart is racing
How does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion describe it?
A stimulus simultaneously tigers activity in the body & emotions in the brain
Ex- we are afraid AND our heart is racing
How does the 2 factor theory of emotion describe it?
A stimulus triggers physical arousal which the brain then interprets into emotion
Ex- the presence of seeing a lion can be interpreted as fear, or delight if you like lions
Besides the 3 main theories of emotion, there’s an evolutionary theory, what does that say?
Emotions evolved because of their adaptive value to help us avoid danger
-innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation
What truly makes us the most happy? Moderately? Not much?
Strongly correlated- love, marriage, work satisfaction
Moderately correlated- physical health, social life, religion & culture
Largely UNcorrelated- income, parenthood, intelligence & attractiveness
A few points to be made about happiness..
- personal evolution of your life is most important
- happiness is relative (we compare ourselves to others)
- we often cannot accurately predict what will make us happy (affective forecasting)
What is qualitative research?
You find numbers!
The mean, median, standard deviation, correlations
Define standardization (what does it state)
Most characteristics in the human population follow a normal curve (IQ, height, weight, etc)
-falls between a certain bracket, occasional exceptions
What is a standardization group?
A group used to evaluate a new measure & create a basis for future comparisons
-the sample must represent many different characters from all over the population
Correlation coefficient is what?
Numerical index of the degree of a relationship between 2 variables
Tests must be reliable, valid & standardized.
Reliable- you’d get the same results if you did it again
Valid- the test measured exactly what it intended to
Standardized- fair sample
what is an appraisal? (emotion)
It’s an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus
There’s 2 ways fear registers with us, fast pathway & slow pathway, what are these paths?
Fast: stimulus, thalamus, amygdala
Slow: stimulus, thalamus, cortex, amygdala
*amygdala is the gas pedal, cortex is the brakes
What does the hendonic principle suggest?
People avoid pain & approach pleasure
The first men to do intelligence tests were named:
What year approx?
Binet & Simon
1909
What is the difference between a Ratio IQ & a deviation IQ?
Ratio: dividing mental age by physical age
Deviation: dividing ones test score by the group’s scores
Who formalized the IQ test from Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale?
Terman
2 factor theory of intelligence suggests what?
That every task requires a combination of general ability & skills that are specific to that task
During testing, they must withhold content validity.. What does this mean?
The degree to which the content represents the domain it’s designed to cover
Who stated that intelligence is inherited? When? What problems occurred?
Galton, 1869
- people wanted to stop feeble minded from breeding
- led to “selective parenthood”
In 1955, what did Wechsler do to the IQ test? What did he call it?
He changed the material covered, added components & made scores less dependent on verbal ability
-Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WICS)
what does the cumulative deprivation hypothesis say about IQ and environment?
if environment effects intelligence then children raised in substandard households should experience a decrease in IQ as they get older
what is the Flynn effect in respect to IQ scores?
phenomenon in which there is an increase in average IQ scores overtime (improved nutrition, schooling, parenthood)
what happens to our intelligence over time?
grows until mid-adulthood then declines with old age.
-absolute level of intelligence changes overtime but that level stays relative to others (aka other people see decline in IQ as they age)
how does economics effect intelligence?
high SES (social economic status) families have better nutrition, less stress, less exposure to environmental toxins, better parenting skills, access to educational books, etc *very strong impact on intelligence
the 3 level hierarchy of intelligence has what, from top to bottom:
‘g’ general intelligence
‘m’ group factors
‘s’ specific abilities
2 approaches to ‘m’ (middle level abilities), what does each suggest for number of abilities?
1) data based, 8 abilities
2) theory based, abilities that IQ tests cannot measure like creativity
what does the reaction range state?
genes and environment are equal factors
