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Psych 121 > Chapter 8 & 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 & 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

3 characteristics of motivation (what 3 things must we do)

A

1) activation- begin behaviour to achieve motive
2) persistence- continue that behaviour
3) intensity- greater vigour in responding

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2
Q

What does the drive there say? (Related to motivation)

A

Our behaviour is a result of a drive that creates tension. We must maintain homeostasis (body equilibrium)
Ex- hunger

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3
Q

There is a shortcoming to drive theories.. what is it?

A

Drive theories only cover biological drives, it doesn’t explain other drives to do things such as attend university, or body modification (tattoos cause pain but we still get them)

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4
Q

Incentive theories says what about motivation?

A

It says that external stimuli motivate our behaviours (reward driven)

  • emphasizes effects of the environment
  • may or may not reduce drives
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5
Q

Expectance value model says what about motivation?

A

Motivation depends on 2 things:
•expectancy (do we expect the goal to be achieved?)
•value (do we give this goal even importance to achieve it?)
-if both are high, the action will be taken & goal achieved

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6
Q

Evolutionary theories say what about motivation?

A

Motives are a product of evolution, we do things to maximize reproductive success
-we want to pass on “good genes” to ensure our offspring will be successful, leads to aggression/competition in mate selection

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7
Q

There are 4 different types of motivation (different attitudes we take on when achieving something), what are they?

A

Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Approach
Avoidance

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8
Q

What drives intrinsic motivation?

A

You do something because you enjoy it

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9
Q

What drives extrinsic motivation?

A

You do it because it leads to a certain outcome or reward

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10
Q

What drives approach motivation?

A

You do it to experience a positive outcome

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11
Q

What drives avoidance motivation?

A

You do it to avoid experiencing a negative outcome

  • we tend to work harder not to lose something than to work to gain something else
  • negativity is stronger than positivity
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12
Q

What does the self determination theory (SDT) say about humans?

A

Optimal human functioning can occur only if psychological needs for autonomy, competence & relatedness are met

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13
Q

There are 3 key biological factors that determine when we are hungry, what are they?

A

1) the brain (mainly the hypothalamus)
2) blood sugar levels
3) hormones (insulin & leptin)

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14
Q

What’s our best cue from those 3 biological factors that tell us we’re hungry?

A

Blood sugar levels. They must stay relatively constant to avoid spikes & crashes.

*original thought was the hypothalamus had an on/off switch (LH=on, VH=off)

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15
Q

Insulin is produced where? What does it do?

A

Produced/secreted from pancreas.

Insulin helps cells take glucose out of the bloodstream for use (more insulin= more hunger)

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16
Q

Leptin is produced where? What does it do?

A

Leptin is produced by fat cells. It provided information about fat cells, lets the body know about our fat ‘reserves’

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17
Q

3 eating extremes- what are they?

A

Obesity
Anorexia
Bulimia

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18
Q

There are 2 hormones involved in sexual behaviour, what are they?

A

Androgen (testosterone) & estrogen

  • both males & females
  • a lot= higher sex drive
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19
Q

What does the parental investment theory say?

A

It claims that a species mating patterns will by influenced by the investment of each sex

  • males have a smaller investment in offspring, will compete for many partners
  • females have a larger investment in offering, will be more ‘picky’ when choosing a mate
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20
Q

What do males look for when choosing a mate?

A
  • many partners
  • fertile, young & healthy
  • attractive
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21
Q

What do females look for when choosing a mate?

A
  • single partner
  • many resources, financial stability
  • experience, social status & ambition
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22
Q

4 stages in the sexual response cycle?

A

1) excitement
2) plateau
3) orgasm
4) resolution (refractory period in males)

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23
Q

Definition of emotion

A

A subjective experience accompanied by bodily arousal & overt expressions
-cognitive, physiological & behavioural

24
Q

Motive & motivation

A

Motive: the needs, wants, desires..
Motivation: goal directed behaviour to satisfy motive

25
Q

6 major emotions

A 
Happy 
Sad 
Anger 
Disgust 
Surprise
Fear 
*content
26
Q

Cognitive component (emotion)

A

Appraisal of events are related to the emotions we experience (can be positive or negative)

27
Q

Physical component (emotion)

A

Emotions are associated with the activation of neurotransmitter system & ANS arousal
Ex- muscle tensioning when angry
*the amygdala will recognize fear before we even process what the danger is

28
Q

Behavioural component (emotion)

A

Emotions are shown overt expressions & body language

* we tend to mirror people we like

29
Q

There are 3 theories of emotion, what are they?

A

1) James-Lange (JL)
2) Cannon-Bard (CB)
3) Schacter’s 2 factor (S2)

30
Q

How does the James-Lange theory of emotion describe it?

A

We feel emotion as a result of our physical condition (autonomic arousal)
Ex- we must be afraid because our heart is racing

31
Q

How does the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion describe it?

A

A stimulus simultaneously tigers activity in the body & emotions in the brain
Ex- we are afraid AND our heart is racing

32
Q

How does the 2 factor theory of emotion describe it?

A

A stimulus triggers physical arousal which the brain then interprets into emotion
Ex- the presence of seeing a lion can be interpreted as fear, or delight if you like lions

33
Q

Besides the 3 main theories of emotion, there’s an evolutionary theory, what does that say?

A

Emotions evolved because of their adaptive value to help us avoid danger
-innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation

34
Q

What truly makes us the most happy? Moderately? Not much?

A

Strongly correlated- love, marriage, work satisfaction
Moderately correlated- physical health, social life, religion & culture
Largely UNcorrelated- income, parenthood, intelligence & attractiveness

35
Q

A few points to be made about happiness..

A
  • personal evolution of your life is most important
  • happiness is relative (we compare ourselves to others)
  • we often cannot accurately predict what will make us happy (affective forecasting)
36
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

You find numbers!

The mean, median, standard deviation, correlations

37
Q

Define standardization (what does it state)

A

Most characteristics in the human population follow a normal curve (IQ, height, weight, etc)
-falls between a certain bracket, occasional exceptions

38
Q

What is a standardization group?

A

A group used to evaluate a new measure & create a basis for future comparisons
-the sample must represent many different characters from all over the population

39
Q

Correlation coefficient is what?

A

Numerical index of the degree of a relationship between 2 variables

40
Q

Tests must be reliable, valid & standardized.

A

Reliable- you’d get the same results if you did it again
Valid- the test measured exactly what it intended to
Standardized- fair sample

41
Q

what is an appraisal? (emotion)

A

It’s an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus

42
Q

There’s 2 ways fear registers with us, fast pathway & slow pathway, what are these paths?

A

Fast: stimulus, thalamus, amygdala
Slow: stimulus, thalamus, cortex, amygdala
*amygdala is the gas pedal, cortex is the brakes

43
Q

What does the hendonic principle suggest?

A

People avoid pain & approach pleasure

44
Q

The first men to do intelligence tests were named:

What year approx?

A

Binet & Simon

1909

45
Q

What is the difference between a Ratio IQ & a deviation IQ?

A

Ratio: dividing mental age by physical age
Deviation: dividing ones test score by the group’s scores

46
Q

Who formalized the IQ test from Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale?

A

Terman

47
Q

2 factor theory of intelligence suggests what?

A

That every task requires a combination of general ability & skills that are specific to that task

48
Q

During testing, they must withhold content validity.. What does this mean?

A

The degree to which the content represents the domain it’s designed to cover

49
Q

Who stated that intelligence is inherited? When? What problems occurred?

A

Galton, 1869

  • people wanted to stop feeble minded from breeding
  • led to “selective parenthood”
50
Q

In 1955, what did Wechsler do to the IQ test? What did he call it?

A

He changed the material covered, added components & made scores less dependent on verbal ability
-Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WICS)

51
Q

what does the cumulative deprivation hypothesis say about IQ and environment?

A

if environment effects intelligence then children raised in substandard households should experience a decrease in IQ as they get older

52
Q

what is the Flynn effect in respect to IQ scores?

A

phenomenon in which there is an increase in average IQ scores overtime (improved nutrition, schooling, parenthood)

53
Q

what happens to our intelligence over time?

A

grows until mid-adulthood then declines with old age.
-absolute level of intelligence changes overtime but that level stays relative to others (aka other people see decline in IQ as they age)

54
Q

how does economics effect intelligence?

A 
high SES (social economic status) families have better nutrition, less stress, less exposure to environmental toxins, better parenting skills, access to educational books, etc
*very strong impact on intelligence
55
Q

the 3 level hierarchy of intelligence has what, from top to bottom:

A

‘g’ general intelligence
‘m’ group factors
‘s’ specific abilities

56
Q

2 approaches to ‘m’ (middle level abilities), what does each suggest for number of abilities?

A

1) data based, 8 abilities

2) theory based, abilities that IQ tests cannot measure like creativity

57
Q

what does the reaction range state?

A

genes and environment are equal factors

Psych 121 (4 decks)

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