Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 121 > Chapter 13 & 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 & 14 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

social psychology

A

the study of the cause and consequences of sociality

-how individuals think, feel and act in social context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

aggression

A

behaviour with the purpose of harming another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

frustration-aggression hypothesis

A

a principle stating that animals aggress when their goals are blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

person perception

A

the process of forming impressions of others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how and why do we make ‘snap’ judgements?

A

helps us to quickly identify potential dangers

based on biases ad stereotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

attribution

A

inferences that people draw about the causes of events, others behaviour and their own behaviour, we tend to misinterpret other’s behaviours
ex) the judgement you make about someone who budges in front of you at Starbucks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

we tend to attribute people’s behaviour to personal traits and ignore situational factors that may have been the cause of that behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the actor-observer effect

A

the tendency to judge one person’s actions different then when another person does the same thing
ex) you scream cause you have anger issues, I scream because no one listens to me in the house

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

defense attribution

A

tendency to blame the victim for their own misfortune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the “just world hypothesis”

A

you get what you deserve, bad things will happen to bad people, karma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

central route to persuasion vs. peripheral route

A

central: appeals to logic and reason
peripheral: appeals to emotion & habit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

obedience

A

behaviour produced by the command of authority

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the mere exposure effect

A

repeated exposure to a stimulus (person) is enough for a favorable response
-the more you see that person, the more you like them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

matching hypothesis

A

we tend to choose partners that are of equal attractiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

social loafing

A

reduction in an individual’s effort when working with others
ex) group projects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

group polarization and group think

A

polarization: more extreme decisions are made together then individually
think: most ‘voiced’ gets their way

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

bystander effect

A

people are less likely to provide help when in groups than when they are alone

  • we assume that someone else will do it
    ex) broken down car on highway vs. dirt road
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

factors that increase bystander intervention..

A
  • good mood
  • feeling guilty
  • seeing others helping
  • knowing how to help
  • not in a rush
  • personalized relationship
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

factors that decrease bystander intervention..

A
  • pressure of others
  • big city or really small towns
  • ambiguous situations
  • cost outweighs benefit
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

conformity

A

the tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
-no direct request, normative influence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Solomon Asch studied what? what experiment did he conduct?

A

studied formation of impressions of personality and conformity
-experiment: cards w lines on them, participant agreed with confederate even when they were obviously wrong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

normative conformity

A

yielding to group pressures in order to fit in

-fear of social rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

informational conformity

A

lack the knowledge so we look to others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

small world technique

A

Milgram
>the six degrees of separation–> how linked are we as a society?
>bacon number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

stress

A

a pattern of responsiveness to events that match or exceed an organism’s ability to cope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

stressor

A

a stimulus that threatens an organism and elicits a coping response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

2 categories of stress..

A

1) major life events

2) daily hassles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

burnout

A

not dealing with stress

  • physical and emotion exhaustion
  • a sense of not accomplishing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are 3 economic costs of stress?

A
  • absenteeism (sick days)
  • employee turnover
  • vulnerability to health problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

clinical psychology

A

deals with psychopathology (the study of mental disorders)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

chronic physical arousal, unwanted thoughts/images, and avoidance of things associated with a traumatic event (exposure to extreme harm, or death)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

acute stress

A

clear onset and offset patterns

ex) final exams coming up in December

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

chronic stress

A

continuous state of arousal

ex) family member diagnosed with cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

telomeres

A

protective caps at the end of a DNA strand that protect chromosomes and stop them from sticking together
-causes aging when shortened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

general adaption syndrome (GAS)

3 stages?

A

3 stage physiological stress response (the response never varies)

1) alarm (rapid mobilization)
2) resistance (cope & adapt)
3) exhaustion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

immune cells

A

specialized white blood cells called lymphocytes

-chronic stress decreases the number of immune cells, those left over are less effective at protecting us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

psychneuroimmunology (PNI)

A

the study of the response of the immune system to psychological variables
-chronic stress weakens our body

38
Q

hostility

A

personal intensity, anger

39
Q

type A behaviour pattern

A

easily aroused to hostility, impatient, competitive

-opposite type B: mellow

40
Q

when does frustration occur? why?

A

change (readjustment)
conflict (should I?)
pressure (conformity and performance expectations)
-occurs when our pursuit of a specific goal is blocked

41
Q

appraisal of stress

A

the way we perceive stress depends on our cognitive appraisal and available resources

42
Q

cortisol

A

the hormone released in response to stress

-beneficial short term, detrimental long term (body on high alert 24/7)

43
Q

neurotransmitter systems and endocrine systems do what?

A

interact to respond to threats

  • use body resources
  • increases protective responses
44
Q

problem focused coping

A

attempting to directly change the stressor or change the way we interact with it

  • you are in control
    ex) confronting a hostile friend
45
Q

emotion focused coping

A

attempting to relieve or regulate the emotional impact of a stressful situation

  • out of your control
    ex) avoiding your hostile friend
46
Q

Ekman’s facial feedback theory

A

facial expressions can produce those effects on your body whether you feel that emotion or not

47
Q

cooperation

A

beaviour by 2 or more individuals that lead to mutual benefit

48
Q

group

A

a collection of people who have something in common that distinguish them from others

49
Q

prejudice

A

a positive or negative evaluation of another person based on their group membership

50
Q

common knowledge effect

A

the tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share

51
Q

deindividuation

A

when in groups, individuals tend to become less aware of their individual values

52
Q

diffusion of responsibility

A

the tendency for individuals to feel less responsible in a situation when others are acting in the same way

53
Q

altruism

A

behaviour that benefits another without benefiting oneself

54
Q

kin selection

A

the process by which evolution selects for individuals who cooperate with their relatives

55
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

behaviour that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future

56
Q

passionate love

A

an experience involving feelings of euphoria, intimacy and intense sexual attraction

57
Q

companionate love

A

an experience involving affection, trust and concern for a partner’s well being

58
Q

social exchange

A

the hypothesis stating that people remain in relationships only as long as they perceive a favourable ratio of benefits and costs

59
Q

comparison level

A

the cost-benefit ratio that people believe they deserve or could attain in another relationship

60
Q

equity in a relationship

A

a state of affairs where the cost-benefit ratios of two partners are roughly equal

61
Q

social influence

A

the ability to control another’s behaviour

62
Q

norms

A

customary standards for behaviour that are widely shared by members of a culture

63
Q

norm of reciprocity

A

the unwritten rule that one should benefit those who have benefited them

64
Q

normative influence

A

when one person’s behaviour provides information about what is appropriate

65
Q

door in the face technique

A

An influence strategy that involves getting someone to deny an initial request (ask for something big, get rejection, then ask for something small, accepted)

66
Q

attitude

A

An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event (eat an apple)

67
Q

belief

A

An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event (open the fridge)

68
Q

informational influence

A

Occurs when another person’s behaviour provides information about what is true

69
Q

Systematic persuasion

A

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to reason

70
Q

Heuristic persuasion

A

The process by which attitudes or beliefs are changed by appeals to habit or emotion

71
Q

Foot in door technique

A

A technique that involves making a small request and following it with a larger request

72
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

An unpleasant state that arises when a person recognizes the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes or beliefs

73
Q

Social cognition

A

The process by which people come to understand others

74
Q

Self fulfilling prophecy

A

The tendency for people to behave as they are expected to behave

75
Q

Stereotype threat

A

The fear of confirming the negative beliefs that others may hold

76
Q

Perceptual confirmation

A

The tendency for people to see what they expect to see

77
Q

Subtyping

A

The tendency for people who receive disconfirming evidence to modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them

78
Q

Attribution

A

An inference about the cause of a person’s behaviour

79
Q

Correspondence bias

A

The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when we should instead make a situational attribution

80
Q

HPA axis

A

Stressor is recognized..
Hypothalamus- releasing factor
Pituitary gland- ACTH hormone released
Adrenal gland- cortisol and catecholamines released to initiate fight or flight

81
Q

Telomerase

A

An enzyme that rebuilds telemeres

82
Q

Lymphocytes

A

White blood cells that produce antibodies that fight infection
-including T and B cells

83
Q

Repressive coping

A

Avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining a artificially positive viewpoint

84
Q

Rational coping

A

Facing a stressor and working to overcome it

3 stages: acceptance, exposure and understanding

85
Q

Reframing

A

Finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat

86
Q

Stress inoculation training (SIT)

A

A reframing technique that helps people to cope with stressful situation by developing positive ways to think about the situation

87
Q

Self regulation

A

The exercise of voluntary control over the self to bring the self into line with preferred standards

88
Q

Biofeedback

A

The use of an external monitoring device to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function

89
Q

Social support

A

The aid gained through interacting with others

90
Q

Sick role

A

A socially recognized set of rights and obligations linked with illness

91
Q

Psychosomatic illness

A

An interaction between mind and body that can produce illness

92
Q

Illusion of unique invulnerability

A

A systematic bias toward believing that they are less likely to fall victim to the problem than are others

Psych 121 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions