Chapter 11 & 12 Flashcards
zygote
a fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from egg & sperm
germinal stage
the 2 week period starting after conception
embryonic stage
2 weeks-8 weeks
formation of vital organs
baby most vulnerable to teratogens
fetal stage
9 weeks-birth
bodily growth
myelination
formation of fatty sheath around the axons of neurons
teratogens
any agent that can negatively affect the development of a baby
ex) drugs and alcohol
brain development of a fetus
born with only 25%
-month 4: hearing
month 6: rapid brain cell growth
month 6-9: lung development, myelination
infancy stage
birth-18 months
cephalocaudal rule (top-bottom rule)
the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from head to feet
proximodistal rule (inside-outside rule)
the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from center to periphery
cognitive development
the emergence of the ability to think and understand
Jean Piaget
suggested that children move through stages of cognitive development
assimilation
interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas
schemas
theories about the way the world works
sensorimotor stage
0-2 years
experience the world via touch, sensing, and movement
accommodation
revise schemas in light of new info and applying old schemas to understand new info
object permanence
the belief that objects continue to exist even when not visible
-4-8 months this is realized
preoperational stage
2-6 years
children develop a preliminary understanding of the world
-the questioning stage
concrete operational stage
6-11 years
children learn how various actions/operations can transform concrete objects
formal operational stage
11 years+
children learn to think logically, can reason & understand abstract concepts
conservation
the quantitative properties of an object do not change despite appearance
-breaking one cookie into 2
egocentrism
failure to understand that the world appears differently to different people
Theory of Mind (ToM)
understanding that other people can think & feel differently than you
-individual minds guide behaviour
Vygotsky’s socioculture perspective says what?
children’s cognitive development is a product of their culture
-its the interaction between members of that culture not objects that contribute to cognitive development
Harlow did experiments with what? to prove what?
rhesus monkeys
wire mom vs soft cloth mom to prove its not all about sustenance
Lorenz and Bowlby related behavior in ____ to conclude that ..
- ducklings
- human infants form attachments to care givers much like ducklings follow their mom
Ainsworth created the ____ _____ test to determine..
Strange Situation
-a child’s attachment style
what are the 4 attachment styles?
what do these depend on?
1) secure (distressed gone, happy back)
2) avoidant (no distress or acknowledgment)
3) ambivalent (distressed no matter)
4) disorganized (no consistant pattern)
- depend on caregiver’s behaviour & the child’s temperament
temperaments
characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
(child vary in their tendency for certain emotions at specific times)
-largely biological
internal working model of relationships
a set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver & that relationship
the 3 shifts that Piaget claim characterize moral development:
1) realism to relativism
2) prescriptions to principles
3) outcomes to intentions
The preconventional stage (Kohlberg’s 3 levels & 6 stages in moral development)
- guided by external consequences
1) punishment & obedience
2) mutual benefit
The conventional stage (Kohlberg’s 3 levels & 6 stages in moral development)
- guided by conformity to social rules, roles and expectations
3) interpersonal expectations
4) law & order
The postconventional stage (Kohlberg’s 3 levels & 6 stages in moral development)
- guided by internalized legal & moral principles that protect society
5) legal principles
6) universal moral principles - not everyone reaches this level
primary vs. secondary sex characteristics (in puberty)
primary: directly involved in reproduction (period, growth of testes)
secondary: indirectly involved in reproduction but occur in puberty (hair, breasts)
adolescent egocentrism
heightened self awareness and self consciousness
imaginary audience
the idea that others are a interested in you as you are yourself
personal fable
a teen’s uniqueness and invincibilty
“no one understands me!”
“drunk driving won’t ever effect me”
what did Erikson do?
characterized each stage of life by the major task confronting one at each stage
-biggest jump is finding it who they are through friend selection (you cant chose your parents but can choose friends)
what do Marcia suggest?
there are 4 identity statuses based on the presence or absence of crisis and commitment
what are the 4 indentity statuses in Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement?
1) diffusion
2) foreclosure
3) moratorium
4) achievement
* all are either absent or present during crisis or commitment
primary aging vs secondary aging
primary: age is related to physical changes (wrinkles)
secondary: age is related to changes in environment, social influences & health (smoking)
crystalized intelligence
our accumulated store of knowledge & verbal skill increases with age
fluid intelligence
ability to reason speedily & abstractly decreases in late adulthood
MMPI-2-RF
a well researched, clinical questionnaire to assess personality & psychological problems
-personality test
projective test
tests designed to reveal inner aspects of a individual’s personality by analyzing their response to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli
ex) Rorschach Inkblot test & TAT
TAT
a projective test in which subjects are to create a story according to a pic of a person
-their story is analyzed and reveals underlying motives, concerns & view of social world
Allport believed what?
personality is a combination traits such like objects are a combination of properties
what did Freud believe about personality?
its broken into parts: conscious (accessible) and unconscious (experience storage)
what were the 3 components of Freud’s structure of personality?
1) Id (primitive needs)
2) Ego (operates on reality principle, middleman b/t Id and Superego)
3) Superego (moral component)
conflict between _____ and _____ must be resolved by _____ using defense mechanisms
Id and Superego conflict is mediated by Ego
-ego must satisfy the id without upsetting the superego
3 defense mechanisms used by ego
1) denial
2) projection
3) rationalization
denial defense mechanism:
refusing to believe or acknowledge a threatening or traumatizing event (dead goldfish is just sleeping)
projection defense mechanism:
attributing our disturbing or unacceptable impulses to another person (calling your friend a slut after you just had a one night stand)
rationalization defense mechanism:
reinterpreting behaviour to hide the true motivation for the unacceptable actions (“it was just a joke”)
what did Alder believe?
believed that all humans strive for superiority & our primary goal is to acquire skills & develop talents
>compensation & overcompensation
Jung’s personal & collective unconscious says what?
personal: we keep material that is not in conscious awareness
collective: we keep material from all human’s ancestral past
the humanistic perspective believes what? based on what 2 assumptions?
believes that humans strive to be the best they can be, their ideal self
- 1) ppl can control biological urges
2) ppl are rational & work on a conscious level
Carl Rogers took a _____ perspective and believed in ___…
- humanistic perspective
- believed in unconditional positive regard
Maslow had the theory of _____ ______which says..
self-actualization theory: all individuals strive to become their best self in a universal pattern, meant you were healthy, good balance of traits, positive relationships
the humanistic perspective criticisms (3)
1) difficult to test empirically
2) unrealistically positive
3) little empirical evidence
behavioural residue:
physical traits of one’s environment that reflect their personality
ex) clean room vs. messy
personality traits:
durable dispositions to behave a particular way in a variety of situations
Cattell developed what?
key personality factors
- essential source traits of human personality
ex) relaxed tense
the 5 factor theory (OCEAN)
Openness Conscientiousness Extroversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
what did Skinner believe about personality?
believed that personality is molded by environment (through conditioning)
-behaviours that are reinforced are maintained
psychodynamic approach
regards personality as formed by needs, strivings & desires largely operating outside awareness
-the id, ego and superego
dynamic unconsciousness
an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires & the inner struggle to control those forces
Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages & age
1) oral (a year old)
2) anal (2-3)
3) phallic (3-5)
4) latency (5-13)
5) genital (puberty onward)
Oedipus conflict:
a developmental experience in which a child’s conflicting feelings toward the opposite sex parent are usually resolved by identifying with the same sex parent
self actualizing tendency
the human motive toward realizing our inner potential
what did Maslow propose?
a hierarchy of needs arranged in priority order
-basic needs before self actualization
the existential approach to personality says what?
believes personality is governed by one’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life & death
“whats the meaning of life”
-creates angst
social cognitive approach to personality says what?
views personality in terms of how one thinks about everyday situations and behaves in response to them
the person-situation controversy questions what?
-who stirred this up?
whether behaviour is caused more by personality or by situational factors
-began with Mischel
personal constructs
dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences
locus of control
-who coined this idea?
one’s tendency to perceive rewards as either internal (you control your own destiny) or external (outcomes are random or by luck)
self concept
a person’s explicit knowledge of their own behaviours, traits, and other characteristics
The I is ____
The Me is _____
I: thinks, experiences & acts, “knower”
Me: object in the world, “known”
self serving bias
people tend to take credit for their success but downplay responsibility for failures
implicit egotism
bias toward oneself, usually not aware of this
ex) name-letter effect (your fav letter is the letter of your name)
what did Bandura believe?
reinforcement may increase the probability of a behaviouor reating but isn’t necessary
-learner anticipates reinforcement if following a model
Eysenk’s theory on personality (biological perspective)
personality is organized into 3 higher-order traits that are inherited via genetics as well your ‘body’s speeds’ (nervous system)
Eysenk’s theory 3 traits:
extraversion, neurotism and psychotism (egocentric, cold)
what does the evolutionary perspective state?
personality is a collection of traits that NS as selected
-some ‘bad’ traits may be advantageous
