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Psych 121 > Chapter 11 & 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 & 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

zygote

A

a fertilized egg that contains chromosomes from egg & sperm

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2
Q

germinal stage

A

the 2 week period starting after conception

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3
Q

embryonic stage

A

2 weeks-8 weeks
formation of vital organs
baby most vulnerable to teratogens

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4
Q

fetal stage

A

9 weeks-birth

bodily growth

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5
Q

myelination

A

formation of fatty sheath around the axons of neurons

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6
Q

teratogens

A

any agent that can negatively affect the development of a baby
ex) drugs and alcohol

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7
Q

brain development of a fetus

A

born with only 25%
-month 4: hearing
month 6: rapid brain cell growth
month 6-9: lung development, myelination

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8
Q

infancy stage

A

birth-18 months

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9
Q

cephalocaudal rule (top-bottom rule)

A

the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from head to feet

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10
Q

proximodistal rule (inside-outside rule)

A

the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from center to periphery

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11
Q

cognitive development

A

the emergence of the ability to think and understand

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12
Q

Jean Piaget

A

suggested that children move through stages of cognitive development

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13
Q

assimilation

A

interpreting new experiences in terms of existing schemas

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14
Q

schemas

A

theories about the way the world works

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15
Q

sensorimotor stage

A

0-2 years

experience the world via touch, sensing, and movement

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16
Q

accommodation

A

revise schemas in light of new info and applying old schemas to understand new info

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17
Q

object permanence

A

the belief that objects continue to exist even when not visible
-4-8 months this is realized

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18
Q

preoperational stage

A

2-6 years
children develop a preliminary understanding of the world
-the questioning stage

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19
Q

concrete operational stage

A

6-11 years

children learn how various actions/operations can transform concrete objects

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20
Q

formal operational stage

A

11 years+

children learn to think logically, can reason & understand abstract concepts

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21
Q

conservation

A

the quantitative properties of an object do not change despite appearance
-breaking one cookie into 2

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22
Q

egocentrism

A

failure to understand that the world appears differently to different people

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23
Q

Theory of Mind (ToM)

A

understanding that other people can think & feel differently than you
-individual minds guide behaviour

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24
Q

Vygotsky’s socioculture perspective says what?

A

children’s cognitive development is a product of their culture
-its the interaction between members of that culture not objects that contribute to cognitive development

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25
Q

Harlow did experiments with what? to prove what?

A

rhesus monkeys

wire mom vs soft cloth mom to prove its not all about sustenance

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26
Q

Lorenz and Bowlby related behavior in ____ to conclude that ..

A
  • ducklings

- human infants form attachments to care givers much like ducklings follow their mom

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27
Q

Ainsworth created the ____ _____ test to determine..

A

Strange Situation

-a child’s attachment style

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28
Q

what are the 4 attachment styles?

what do these depend on?

A

1) secure (distressed gone, happy back)
2) avoidant (no distress or acknowledgment)
3) ambivalent (distressed no matter)
4) disorganized (no consistant pattern)
- depend on caregiver’s behaviour & the child’s temperament

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29
Q

temperaments

A

characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity
(child vary in their tendency for certain emotions at specific times)
-largely biological

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30
Q

internal working model of relationships

A

a set of beliefs about the self, the primary caregiver & that relationship

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31
Q

the 3 shifts that Piaget claim characterize moral development:

A

1) realism to relativism
2) prescriptions to principles
3) outcomes to intentions

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32
Q

The preconventional stage (Kohlberg’s 3 levels & 6 stages in moral development)

A
  • guided by external consequences
    1) punishment & obedience
    2) mutual benefit
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33
Q

The conventional stage (Kohlberg’s 3 levels & 6 stages in moral development)

A
  • guided by conformity to social rules, roles and expectations
    3) interpersonal expectations
    4) law & order
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34
Q

The postconventional stage (Kohlberg’s 3 levels & 6 stages in moral development)

A
  • guided by internalized legal & moral principles that protect society
    5) legal principles
    6) universal moral principles
    • not everyone reaches this level
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35
Q

primary vs. secondary sex characteristics (in puberty)

A

primary: directly involved in reproduction (period, growth of testes)
secondary: indirectly involved in reproduction but occur in puberty (hair, breasts)

36
Q

adolescent egocentrism

A

heightened self awareness and self consciousness

37
Q

imaginary audience

A

the idea that others are a interested in you as you are yourself

38
Q

personal fable

A

a teen’s uniqueness and invincibilty
“no one understands me!”
“drunk driving won’t ever effect me”

39
Q

what did Erikson do?

A

characterized each stage of life by the major task confronting one at each stage
-biggest jump is finding it who they are through friend selection (you cant chose your parents but can choose friends)

40
Q

what do Marcia suggest?

A

there are 4 identity statuses based on the presence or absence of crisis and commitment

41
Q

what are the 4 indentity statuses in Marcia’s Theory of Identity Achievement?

A

1) diffusion
2) foreclosure
3) moratorium
4) achievement
* all are either absent or present during crisis or commitment

42
Q

primary aging vs secondary aging

A

primary: age is related to physical changes (wrinkles)
secondary: age is related to changes in environment, social influences & health (smoking)

43
Q

crystalized intelligence

A

our accumulated store of knowledge & verbal skill increases with age

44
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to reason speedily & abstractly decreases in late adulthood

45
Q

MMPI-2-RF

A

a well researched, clinical questionnaire to assess personality & psychological problems
-personality test

46
Q

projective test

A

tests designed to reveal inner aspects of a individual’s personality by analyzing their response to a standard series of ambiguous stimuli
ex) Rorschach Inkblot test & TAT

47
Q

TAT

A

a projective test in which subjects are to create a story according to a pic of a person
-their story is analyzed and reveals underlying motives, concerns & view of social world

48
Q

Allport believed what?

A

personality is a combination traits such like objects are a combination of properties

49
Q

what did Freud believe about personality?

A

its broken into parts: conscious (accessible) and unconscious (experience storage)

50
Q

what were the 3 components of Freud’s structure of personality?

A

1) Id (primitive needs)
2) Ego (operates on reality principle, middleman b/t Id and Superego)
3) Superego (moral component)

51
Q

conflict between _____ and _____ must be resolved by _____ using defense mechanisms

A

Id and Superego conflict is mediated by Ego

-ego must satisfy the id without upsetting the superego

52
Q

3 defense mechanisms used by ego

A

1) denial
2) projection
3) rationalization

53
Q

denial defense mechanism:

A

refusing to believe or acknowledge a threatening or traumatizing event (dead goldfish is just sleeping)

54
Q

projection defense mechanism:

A

attributing our disturbing or unacceptable impulses to another person (calling your friend a slut after you just had a one night stand)

55
Q

rationalization defense mechanism:

A

reinterpreting behaviour to hide the true motivation for the unacceptable actions (“it was just a joke”)

56
Q

what did Alder believe?

A

believed that all humans strive for superiority & our primary goal is to acquire skills & develop talents
>compensation & overcompensation

57
Q

Jung’s personal & collective unconscious says what?

A

personal: we keep material that is not in conscious awareness
collective: we keep material from all human’s ancestral past

58
Q

the humanistic perspective believes what? based on what 2 assumptions?

A

believes that humans strive to be the best they can be, their ideal self

  • 1) ppl can control biological urges
    2) ppl are rational & work on a conscious level
59
Q

Carl Rogers took a _____ perspective and believed in ___…

A
  • humanistic perspective

- believed in unconditional positive regard

60
Q

Maslow had the theory of _____ ______which says..

A

self-actualization theory: all individuals strive to become their best self in a universal pattern, meant you were healthy, good balance of traits, positive relationships

61
Q

the humanistic perspective criticisms (3)

A

1) difficult to test empirically
2) unrealistically positive
3) little empirical evidence

62
Q

behavioural residue:

A

physical traits of one’s environment that reflect their personality
ex) clean room vs. messy

63
Q

personality traits:

A

durable dispositions to behave a particular way in a variety of situations

64
Q

Cattell developed what?

A

key personality factors

  • essential source traits of human personality
    ex) relaxed tense
65
Q

the 5 factor theory (OCEAN)

A 
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extroversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
66
Q

what did Skinner believe about personality?

A

believed that personality is molded by environment (through conditioning)
-behaviours that are reinforced are maintained

67
Q

psychodynamic approach

A

regards personality as formed by needs, strivings & desires largely operating outside awareness
-the id, ego and superego

68
Q

dynamic unconsciousness

A

an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person’s deepest instincts and desires & the inner struggle to control those forces

69
Q

Freud’s 5 psychosexual stages & age

A

1) oral (a year old)
2) anal (2-3)
3) phallic (3-5)
4) latency (5-13)
5) genital (puberty onward)

70
Q

Oedipus conflict:

A

a developmental experience in which a child’s conflicting feelings toward the opposite sex parent are usually resolved by identifying with the same sex parent

71
Q

self actualizing tendency

A

the human motive toward realizing our inner potential

72
Q

what did Maslow propose?

A

a hierarchy of needs arranged in priority order

-basic needs before self actualization

73
Q

the existential approach to personality says what?

A

believes personality is governed by one’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life & death
“whats the meaning of life”
-creates angst

74
Q

social cognitive approach to personality says what?

A

views personality in terms of how one thinks about everyday situations and behaves in response to them

75
Q

the person-situation controversy questions what?

-who stirred this up?

A

whether behaviour is caused more by personality or by situational factors
-began with Mischel

76
Q

personal constructs

A

dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences

77
Q

locus of control

-who coined this idea?

A

one’s tendency to perceive rewards as either internal (you control your own destiny) or external (outcomes are random or by luck)

78
Q

self concept

A

a person’s explicit knowledge of their own behaviours, traits, and other characteristics

79
Q

The I is ____

The Me is _____

A

I: thinks, experiences & acts, “knower”
Me: object in the world, “known”

80
Q

self serving bias

A

people tend to take credit for their success but downplay responsibility for failures

81
Q

implicit egotism

A

bias toward oneself, usually not aware of this

ex) name-letter effect (your fav letter is the letter of your name)

82
Q

what did Bandura believe?

A

reinforcement may increase the probability of a behaviouor reating but isn’t necessary
-learner anticipates reinforcement if following a model

83
Q

Eysenk’s theory on personality (biological perspective)

A

personality is organized into 3 higher-order traits that are inherited via genetics as well your ‘body’s speeds’ (nervous system)

84
Q

Eysenk’s theory 3 traits:

A

extraversion, neurotism and psychotism (egocentric, cold)

85
Q

what does the evolutionary perspective state?

A

personality is a collection of traits that NS as selected

-some ‘bad’ traits may be advantageous

Psych 121 (4 decks)

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