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Psych 121 > Ch 15 & 16 > Flashcards

Ch 15 & 16 Flashcards

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1
Q

mental disorder

A

a persistent psychological disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment

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2
Q

medical model

A

abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illness that have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms and possible cures

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3
Q

a disorder refers to..

A

a common set or signs or symptoms

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4
Q

a disease refers to..

A

a pathological process affecting the body

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5
Q

a diagnosis refers to..

A

a determination as to whether a disorder or disease is present

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6
Q

DSM

A

a classification system that describes the features used to diagnosis mental disorders and distinguishes them from other problems

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7
Q

comorbidity

A

the co-occurrence of 2 or more disorders in one person

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8
Q

biopsychosocial perspective

A

explains mental disorders as an result of interactions between biological, psychological and social factors

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9
Q

diathesis-stress model

A

suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

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10
Q

RDoC

A

a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental orders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them
-wants to not just focus on individual symptoms

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11
Q

2 categories of phobias (categorized as anxiety disorder)

A

1) specific phobia: fear of a specific object or situation

2) social phobia: fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

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12
Q

agoraphobia (goes with panic disorder, categorized as anxiety)

A

a specific phobia involving a fear of public places

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13
Q

panic disorder (categorized as anxiety disorder)

A

the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to the feeling of terror

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14
Q

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (categorized as anxiety disorder)

A

chronic excessive worry accompanied by 3 or more symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, etc

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15
Q

mood disorders

A

mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their main feature

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16
Q

major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)

A

a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood or inability to experience pleasure that lasts more than 2 weeks and is accompanied with feelings of worthlessness, etc

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17
Q

dysthymia

A

the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but are less severe and last longer (at least 2 years)

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18
Q

double depression

A

a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression

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19
Q

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A

recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal patterns

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20
Q

helplessness theory

A

individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are their own fault, stable and widespread over life

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21
Q

the cognitive model of depression was created by who?

A

Aaron Beck

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22
Q

bipolar disorder

A

a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
-has one of the highest heritability

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23
Q

expressed emotion

A

a measure of how much hostility, criticism and emotion overinvolvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder

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24
Q

schizophrenia

A

a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes, distortion of reality, altered emotion, and disturbances in motivation, thought and behaviour

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25
Q

positive symptoms

A

thoughts and behavours not seen in those without the disorder (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behaviour)

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26
Q

hallucinations

A

false perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of seeming real despite the absence of external stimulation

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27
Q

delusions

A

a patently false belief system that is maintained despite of its irrationality

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28
Q

disorganized speech

A

a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics

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29
Q

grossly disorganized behaviour

A

behaviour that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals (often specific motor disturbances)

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30
Q

catatonic behaviour

A

a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscle rigidity and overactivity

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31
Q

negative symptoms

A

deficits or disruptions to normal emotions and behaviours (social withdraw, poverty of speech, etc)
-things missing in a person with the disorder

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32
Q

cognitive symptoms

A

deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically executive functioning, action and working memory

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33
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine

34
Q

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities

35
Q

conduct disorder

A

a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft and serious rule violations
-hard to pin down cause, so many combos of symptoms

36
Q

personality disorders

A

enduring patterns of thinking, feeling or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning

37
Q

3 types of personality disorder clusters

A

a) odd/eccentric
b) dramatic/erratic
c) anxious/inhibited

38
Q

a) odd/eccentric has 3 subsections

A

1) paranoid
2) schizoid
3) schizotypal

39
Q

b) dramatic/erratic has 4 subsections

A

1) antisocial
2) borderline
3) histrionic
4) narcissistic

40
Q

c) anxious/inhibited has 3 subsections

A

1) avoidant
2) dependent
3) obsessive compulsive

41
Q

antisocial personality disorder (APD)

A

a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others that begins in early childhood and continues into adulthood
-sociopath, serial killers, psychopath

42
Q

non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)

A

direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of intent to die

43
Q

psychotherapy

A
  • focuses on the mind
  • an interaction between a socially sanctioned clinician and someone suffering with a mental disorder
  • goal: providing support or relief from symptoms
44
Q

eclectic psychotherapy

A

a form of psychotheapy that involves drawing on techniques from different forms of theapy

45
Q

psychodynamic psychotherapies

A

therapies that explores childhood experiences and encourages individuals to use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems

46
Q

3 reasons why people with mental disorders do not seek help:

A

1) they are unaware or in denial that they have a problem
2) they are uninterested in getting help
3) they face structural barriers to accessing help

47
Q

medical and biological methods of treatment focus on..

A

the body and brain

48
Q

transference

A

an event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major a significance in the client’s life and the client reacts based on childhood events

49
Q

interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

A

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships

50
Q

psychoanalysis

A

assumes that people are born with aggressive and sexual urges that are repressed in childhood, this therapy treatment tries to get clients to reveal those repressed urges

51
Q

4 things that can hapen in psychoanalysis

A

1) free association (rant on, no restrictions)
2) dream analysis
3) interpretation (therapist dicphers what the client is saying)
4) analysis of resistance (to specific topics as the root problem)

52
Q

person centered therapy (client based)

A

assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist
-humanistic approach

53
Q

gestalt therapy

A

has the goal of helping the client become aware oh his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences and feelings and to “own” them
-existential approach

54
Q

behaviour therapy

A

a type of therapy that assumes behaviour is learnt and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviours into more constructive behaviours

55
Q

3 behaviour therapy techniques

A

1) eliminating unwanted behaviours
2) promoting desired behaviours
3) reducing unwanted emotional responses

56
Q

token economy

A

a form of behaviour therapy were clients are given tokens for good behaviours, they can later trade in for rewards

57
Q

exposure therapy

A

involves confronting an emotional-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, in which leads to a decrease in emotional response

58
Q

cognitive therapy

A

focuses on helping the client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world

59
Q

cognitive reconstructing

A

teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace those with realistic, positive beliefs

60
Q

cognitive behavioural therapy

A

a blend of cognitive and behavioural therapies

61
Q

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A

“shock therapy”

-treatment that involves inducing a brief seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain

62
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

treatment that involves placing a pulsed magnet over someone’s scalp to alter neurotransmitter activity

63
Q

phototherapy

A

treatment that involves repeated exposure to bright light to help with seasonal affective disorder

64
Q

psychosurgery

A

the surgical destruction of specific brain areas to help “cure” mental illness

65
Q

iatrogenic illness

A

a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of medical treatment itself

66
Q

bipolar I disorder

A

a person alternating between at least one episode of depression and mania

67
Q

bipolar 2 disorder

A

a person alternating between at least one episode of depression and one episode of hypermania (less severe mania), with some level mood in between

68
Q

psychosis

A

a disconnect from reality, difficulty in differentiating between reality and ones subjective state
-the key component in schizophrenia

69
Q

affect flattening

A

lack of emotional expression and response

70
Q

dissociative disorder

A

involves disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity, or perception

71
Q

dissociative identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder)

A

the alternation of two or more distinct personality states with impaired recall among personality states

72
Q

dissociative amnesia

A

the temporary loss of recall memory, specifically episodic memory (autobiographical features, localized), due to a traumatic or stressful event
ex) deployment

73
Q

dissociative fugue

A

loss of memory for one’s entire life and sense of personal identity

74
Q

illness anxiety disorder

A

overblown worry about becoming ill, preoccupation with health concerns, misrepresent somatic symptoms

75
Q

munchausen/ munchausen by proxy

A

faking sick or purposely making your child sick

76
Q

psychologist

A
  • clinical

- counselling for day to day troubles

77
Q

psychiatrist

A

can prescribe drugs

78
Q

pyschometrist

A

measures IQ

79
Q

systematic desensitization

A

used to change anxiety responses through counter-conditioning

80
Q

aversion therapy

A 
negative stimulus (alcohol) is paired with an undesirable response (pill, makes you sick) to change the association 
-uses classical conditioning

Psych 121 (4 decks)

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