Ch 15 & 16 Flashcards
mental disorder
a persistent psychological disturbance or dysfunction in behaviour, thoughts or emotions that causes significant distress or impairment
medical model
abnormal psychological experiences are conceptualized as illness that have biological and environmental causes, defined symptoms and possible cures
a disorder refers to..
a common set or signs or symptoms
a disease refers to..
a pathological process affecting the body
a diagnosis refers to..
a determination as to whether a disorder or disease is present
DSM
a classification system that describes the features used to diagnosis mental disorders and distinguishes them from other problems
comorbidity
the co-occurrence of 2 or more disorders in one person
biopsychosocial perspective
explains mental disorders as an result of interactions between biological, psychological and social factors
diathesis-stress model
suggests that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
RDoC
a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental orders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them
-wants to not just focus on individual symptoms
2 categories of phobias (categorized as anxiety disorder)
1) specific phobia: fear of a specific object or situation
2) social phobia: fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
agoraphobia (goes with panic disorder, categorized as anxiety)
a specific phobia involving a fear of public places
panic disorder (categorized as anxiety disorder)
the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to the feeling of terror
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) (categorized as anxiety disorder)
chronic excessive worry accompanied by 3 or more symptoms such as restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, etc
mood disorders
mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their main feature
major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)
a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood or inability to experience pleasure that lasts more than 2 weeks and is accompanied with feelings of worthlessness, etc
dysthymia
the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but are less severe and last longer (at least 2 years)
double depression
a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal patterns
helplessness theory
individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are their own fault, stable and widespread over life
the cognitive model of depression was created by who?
Aaron Beck
bipolar disorder
a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
-has one of the highest heritability
expressed emotion
a measure of how much hostility, criticism and emotion overinvolvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder
schizophrenia
a disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes, distortion of reality, altered emotion, and disturbances in motivation, thought and behaviour
positive symptoms
thoughts and behavours not seen in those without the disorder (hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and grossly disorganized behaviour)
hallucinations
false perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of seeming real despite the absence of external stimulation
delusions
a patently false belief system that is maintained despite of its irrationality
disorganized speech
a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics
grossly disorganized behaviour
behaviour that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals (often specific motor disturbances)
catatonic behaviour
a marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscle rigidity and overactivity
negative symptoms
deficits or disruptions to normal emotions and behaviours (social withdraw, poverty of speech, etc)
-things missing in a person with the disorder
cognitive symptoms
deficits in cognitive abilities, specifically executive functioning, action and working memory
dopamine hypothesis
the idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine
autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities
conduct disorder
a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft and serious rule violations
-hard to pin down cause, so many combos of symptoms
personality disorders
enduring patterns of thinking, feeling or relating to others or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired functioning
3 types of personality disorder clusters
a) odd/eccentric
b) dramatic/erratic
c) anxious/inhibited
a) odd/eccentric has 3 subsections
1) paranoid
2) schizoid
3) schizotypal
b) dramatic/erratic has 4 subsections
1) antisocial
2) borderline
3) histrionic
4) narcissistic
c) anxious/inhibited has 3 subsections
1) avoidant
2) dependent
3) obsessive compulsive
antisocial personality disorder (APD)
a pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others that begins in early childhood and continues into adulthood
-sociopath, serial killers, psychopath
non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)
direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of intent to die
psychotherapy
- focuses on the mind
- an interaction between a socially sanctioned clinician and someone suffering with a mental disorder
- goal: providing support or relief from symptoms
eclectic psychotherapy
a form of psychotheapy that involves drawing on techniques from different forms of theapy
psychodynamic psychotherapies
therapies that explores childhood experiences and encourages individuals to use this understanding to develop insight into their psychological problems
3 reasons why people with mental disorders do not seek help:
1) they are unaware or in denial that they have a problem
2) they are uninterested in getting help
3) they face structural barriers to accessing help
medical and biological methods of treatment focus on..
the body and brain
transference
an event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major a significance in the client’s life and the client reacts based on childhood events
interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)
a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships
psychoanalysis
assumes that people are born with aggressive and sexual urges that are repressed in childhood, this therapy treatment tries to get clients to reveal those repressed urges
4 things that can hapen in psychoanalysis
1) free association (rant on, no restrictions)
2) dream analysis
3) interpretation (therapist dicphers what the client is saying)
4) analysis of resistance (to specific topics as the root problem)
person centered therapy (client based)
assumes that all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist
-humanistic approach
gestalt therapy
has the goal of helping the client become aware oh his or her thoughts, behaviours, experiences and feelings and to “own” them
-existential approach
behaviour therapy
a type of therapy that assumes behaviour is learnt and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviours into more constructive behaviours
3 behaviour therapy techniques
1) eliminating unwanted behaviours
2) promoting desired behaviours
3) reducing unwanted emotional responses
token economy
a form of behaviour therapy were clients are given tokens for good behaviours, they can later trade in for rewards
exposure therapy
involves confronting an emotional-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, in which leads to a decrease in emotional response
cognitive therapy
focuses on helping the client identify and correct any distorted thinking about self, others, or the world
cognitive reconstructing
teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace those with realistic, positive beliefs
cognitive behavioural therapy
a blend of cognitive and behavioural therapies
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
“shock therapy”
-treatment that involves inducing a brief seizure by delivering an electrical shock to the brain
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
treatment that involves placing a pulsed magnet over someone’s scalp to alter neurotransmitter activity
phototherapy
treatment that involves repeated exposure to bright light to help with seasonal affective disorder
psychosurgery
the surgical destruction of specific brain areas to help “cure” mental illness
iatrogenic illness
a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of medical treatment itself
bipolar I disorder
a person alternating between at least one episode of depression and mania
bipolar 2 disorder
a person alternating between at least one episode of depression and one episode of hypermania (less severe mania), with some level mood in between
psychosis
a disconnect from reality, difficulty in differentiating between reality and ones subjective state
-the key component in schizophrenia
affect flattening
lack of emotional expression and response
dissociative disorder
involves disruptions or breakdowns of memory, awareness, identity, or perception
dissociative identity disorder (formerly multiple personality disorder)
the alternation of two or more distinct personality states with impaired recall among personality states
dissociative amnesia
the temporary loss of recall memory, specifically episodic memory (autobiographical features, localized), due to a traumatic or stressful event
ex) deployment
dissociative fugue
loss of memory for one’s entire life and sense of personal identity
illness anxiety disorder
overblown worry about becoming ill, preoccupation with health concerns, misrepresent somatic symptoms
munchausen/ munchausen by proxy
faking sick or purposely making your child sick
psychologist
- clinical
- counselling for day to day troubles
psychiatrist
can prescribe drugs
pyschometrist
measures IQ
systematic desensitization
used to change anxiety responses through counter-conditioning
aversion therapy
negative stimulus (alcohol) is paired with an undesirable response (pill, makes you sick) to change the association -uses classical conditioning
