Chapter 7.1 - Learning_Classical Conditioning Flashcards
_________ the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience, which result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner.
Learning
What are the 2 main approaches to learning?
▪ Classical conditioning ▪ Operant conditioning
Other types of learning also include _________ learning and learning outside of awareness ________ learning.
observational, implicit
________ conditioning: a phenomenon that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response; first studied by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Classical conditioning
(US): something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism
Unconditioned stimulus
(UR): a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
(CS): a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
Conditioned stimulus
(CR): a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
The Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning are
Acquisition, Second Order Conditioning, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, Discrimination
Phase of Classical Conditioning when the CS and US are presented together.
Acquisition
________-________conditioning ia conditioning in which the stimulus that functions as the US is actually the CS from an earlier procedure in which it acquired its ability to produce learning
Second Order Conditioning
_________ is the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented.
Extinction
__________ Recovery is the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period.
Spontaneous Recovery
___________ is a process in which the CR is observed, even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition.
Generalization
__________ is the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli.
Discrimination
______ and _____ stimuli that produce food aversions in rats do not work with most species of _____. This is because birds primarily rely on ______ cues for finding _____ and they a relatively ______ to taste and smell.
**Taste **and Smell stimuli that produce food aversions in rats do not work with most species of Birds. This is because birds primarily rely on Visual cues for finding Food and they are relatively Insensitive to taste and smell.
An __________ aspect of Taste Aversion is that any species that consumes a _______ of foods, needs to _______ a mechanism by which it can ____ any food that made them ___.
An __________ aspect of Taste Aversion is that any species that consumes a _______ of foods, needs to _______ a mechanism by which it can ____ any food that made them ___.
Evolutionary Property #1: There should be _____ learning that occurs in __ or __ trials. Otherwise the animal could ___ from eating a _____ sbstance.
There should be Rapid learning that occurs in 1 or 2 trials. Otherwise the animal could Die from eating a Toxic sbstance.
Evolutionary Property #2: Toxic Substances often don’t cause ______ immidiately so it is necessary that _______ be possible over long _______.
Toxic Substances often don’t cause illness immidiately so it is necessary that Conditioning be possible over long Intervals.
Evolutionary Property #3: The ______ should develop the _____ to the smell or taste of _____ rather than the ______ because it is more ______ to reject a potentially toxic _____ based on ____ alone.
The Organism should develop the Aversion to the smell or taste of Food rather than the Ingestion because it is more ______ to reject a potentially toxic _____ based on ____ alone.
Evolutionary Property #4:
A propensity for learning particular kinds of _________ over others is a kind of ________ prepardness that evolution is suggested to have ______ each species with.
A propensity for learning particular kinds of Associations over others is a kind of Biological prepardness that evolution is suggested to have Provided each species with.
After eating spaghetti (__), toxicity was caused by going swimming (__), resulting in nausea (__). The nausea (__), became linked with the once neutral (CS) Spaghetti, it became a ___ (an aversion to Spaghetti)
After eating spaghetti (Conditioned Stimulus - CS), toxicity was caused by going swimming (Unconditioned Stimulus - US), resulting in nausea (Unconditioned Response - UR). The nausea (Unconditioned Response - UR), became linked with the once neutral (Conditioned Stimulus - CS) Spaghetti, it became a Conditioned Response - CR (an aversion to Spaghetti)
