Chapter 7.1 - Learning_Classical Conditioning

Question 1

_________ the acquisition of new knowledge, skills, or responses from experience, which result in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner.

Answer 1

Learning

Question 2

What are the 2 main approaches to learning?

Answer 2

▪ Classical conditioning ▪ Operant conditioning

Question 3

Other types of learning also include _________ learning and learning outside of awareness ________ learning.

Answer 3

observational, implicit

Question 4

________ conditioning: a phenomenon that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response; first studied by Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

Answer 4

Classical conditioning

Question 5

(US): something that reliably produces a naturally occurring reaction in an organism

Answer 5

Unconditioned stimulus

Question 6

(UR): a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus

Answer 6

Unconditioned response

Question 7

(CS): a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism

Answer 7

Conditioned stimulus

Question 8

(CR): a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produced by a conditioned stimulus

Answer 8

Conditioned response

Question 9

The Basic Principles of Classical Conditioning are

Answer 9

Acquisition, Second Order Conditioning, Extinction, Spontaneous Recovery, Generalization, Discrimination

Question 10

Phase of Classical Conditioning when the CS and US are presented together.

Answer 10

Acquisition

Question 11

________-________conditioning ia conditioning in which the stimulus that functions as the US is actually the CS from an earlier procedure in which it acquired its ability to produce learning

Answer 11

Second Order Conditioning

Question 12

_________ is the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the US is no longer presented.

Answer 12

Extinction

Question 13

__________ Recovery is the tendency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest period.

Answer 13

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 14

___________ is a process in which the CR is observed, even though the CS is slightly different from the original one used during acquisition.

Answer 14

Generalization

Question 15

__________ is the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli.

Answer 15

Discrimination

Question 16

______ and _____ stimuli that produce food aversions in rats do not work with most species of _____. This is because birds primarily rely on ______ cues for finding _____ and they a relatively ______ to taste and smell.

Answer 16

**Taste **and Smell stimuli that produce food aversions in rats do not work with most species of Birds. This is because birds primarily rely on Visual cues for finding Food and they are relatively Insensitive to taste and smell.

Question 17

An __________ aspect of Taste Aversion is that any species that consumes a _______ of foods, needs to _______ a mechanism by which it can ____ any food that made them ___.

Answer 17

An __________ aspect of Taste Aversion is that any species that consumes a _______ of foods, needs to _______ a mechanism by which it can ____ any food that made them ___.

Question 18

Evolutionary Property #1: There should be _____ learning that occurs in __ or __ trials. Otherwise the animal could ___ from eating a _____ sbstance.

Answer 18

There should be Rapid learning that occurs in 1 or 2 trials. Otherwise the animal could Die from eating a Toxic sbstance.

Question 19

Evolutionary Property #2: Toxic Substances often don’t cause ______ immidiately so it is necessary that _______ be possible over long _______.

Answer 19

Toxic Substances often don’t cause illness immidiately so it is necessary that Conditioning be possible over long Intervals.

Question 20

Evolutionary Property #3: The ______ should develop the _____ to the smell or taste of _____ rather than the ______ because it is more ______ to reject a potentially toxic _____ based on ____ alone.

Answer 20

The Organism should develop the Aversion to the smell or taste of Food rather than the Ingestion because it is more ______ to reject a potentially toxic _____ based on ____ alone.

Question 21

Evolutionary Property #4:

Question 22

A propensity for learning particular kinds of _________ over others is a kind of ________ prepardness that evolution is suggested to have ______ each species with.

Answer 22

A propensity for learning particular kinds of Associations over others is a kind of Biological prepardness that evolution is suggested to have Provided each species with.

Question 23

After eating spaghetti (__), toxicity was caused by going swimming (__), resulting in nausea (__). The nausea (__), became linked with the once neutral (CS) Spaghetti, it became a ___ (an aversion to Spaghetti)

Answer 23

After eating spaghetti (Conditioned Stimulus - CS), toxicity was caused by going swimming (Unconditioned Stimulus - US), resulting in nausea (Unconditioned Response - UR). The nausea (Unconditioned Response - UR), became linked with the once neutral (Conditioned Stimulus - CS) Spaghetti, it became a Conditioned Response - CR (an aversion to Spaghetti)