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MCAT Psych/Soc > Chapter 7.1-7.2: Identity and Social Interaction > Flashcards

Chapter 7.1-7.2: Identity and Social Interaction Flashcards

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1
Q

Self-concept

A

the sum of an individual’s knowledge and understanding about oneself; includes physical, psychological, and social attributes

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2
Q

Self-schemas

A

beliefs that a person has about himself; self-concept is based on this

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3
Q

Personal identity

A

one’s own sense of personal attributes

ex. smart, funny

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4
Q

Social identity

A

social definitions of who you are

ex. race, religion, gender, occupation

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5
Q

Self-reference effect

A

tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves

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6
Q

Carl Rogers

A

founder of humanistic psychology perspective; personality is composed to the ideal self and the real self
ideal self - constructed out of life expectations, experiences, and thing admired about role models
real self - who you actually are
When ideal self and real self don’t match, the result is incongruity

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7
Q

Self-efficacy

A

belief in one’s own competence and effectiveness, how capable we believe we are of doing things

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8
Q

Locus of control

A

internal - believe they are able to influence outcomes through their own efforts and actions
external - perceive outcomes as controlled by outside forces

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9
Q

Learned helplessness

A

people with external locus of control develop this; people who are exposed to situations in which they have no control may learn not to act because they believe it will not affect the outcome anyway

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10
Q

Self-esteem

A

one’s overall self-evaluation of one’s self-worth

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11
Q

Identity formation (Individuation)

A

development of a distinct individual personality; through Erikson’s psychosocial stages, identity formation takes place during adolescense (age 12-20, identity vs. role confusion stage)

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12
Q

Looking-glass self

A

Charles cooley said that a person’s sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with other in society and the perceptions of others; people shape their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them

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13
Q

Social behaviorism

A

George Hebert Mead; the mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others and through the use of symbols - beginning of symbolic interactionism

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14
Q

Generalized other

A

the common behavioral expectations of general society
“me” - how the individual believes the generalized other perceives it
“I” - response of the individual to the attitudes of others

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15
Q

Socialization

A

the process through which people learn to be proficient and functional members of society

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16
Q

Norms

A

society’s spoken or unspoken rules and expectations for the behavior of its members; reinforced in everyday social interactions by sanctions

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17
Q

Types of norms

A

formal norms - generally written down, precisely defined, publicly presented, accompanied by strict penalties ex. laws
informal norms - generally understood but less precise and carry no specific punishments
mores - norms that are important for the benefit of society and so are strictly enforced ex. against animal abuse or treason
folkways - norms that are less important but shape everyday behavior ex. style of dress, ways of greeting

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18
Q

Agents of socialization

A

family, school, peers, the workplace, religion/government, mass media/technology

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19
Q

Assimilation

A

process in which in individuals forsakes aspects of his or her own cultural tradition to adopt those of a different culture

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20
Q

Amalgamation

A

majority and minority groups combine to form a new group

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21
Q

Multiculturalism

A

a perspective that endorses equal standing for all cultural traditions - promotes idea of cultures coming together in a true melting pot

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22
Q

Subculture

A

a segment of society that shares a distinct pattern of traditions and values that differs from that of the larger society ex. hippies, medical personnel

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23
Q

Kohlberg’s stages of moral development

A

stages cannot be skipped, and most adults attain stage 4 but do not surpass it
Stage 1 - obedience and punishment orientation
Stage 2- self-interest orientation
Stage 3- interpersonal accord and conformity
Stage 4- authority and social-order maintaining orientation
Stage 5- social contract orientation
Stage 6- universal ethical principles

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24
Q

Attribution theory

A

individuals attribute behavior to internal causes (dispositional attribution) or external causes (situational attribution); people tend to assign dispositional attributions to others but give themselves situational attribution
3 factors influence attribution: consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus

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25
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

we tend to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of a person’s character or personality; assume that people are how they act

26
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

tendency to blame our actions on the situation and blame the actions of others on their personalities

27
Q

Self-serving bias

A

tendency to attribute success to ourselves and our failures to others or the external environment

28
Q

Optimism bias

A

belief that bad things happen to other people, but not to us

29
Q

Just world phenomenon

A

a tendency to believe that the world is fair and people get what they deserve

30
Q

Halo effect

A

tendency to believe that people have inherently good or bad natures, rather than looking at individual characteristics
physical attractiveness stereotype - a specific type of halo effect, people tend to rate attractive individuals more favorably for personality traits and characteristics

31
Q

Social perception

A

understanding others in our social world, the initial information we process about other people in order to try to understand their mindsets and intentions; the process responsible for our judgements and impressions about other people

32
Q

Social cognition

A

ability of the brain to store and process information regarding social perception

33
Q

False consensus

A

occurs when we assume that everyone else agrees with what we do, even though they may not

34
Q

Projection bias

A

when we assume others have the same beliefs we do

35
Q

Stereotypes

A

oversimplified ideas about groups of people, based on characteristics

36
Q

Prejudice

A

thoughts, attitudes, and feelings someone holds about a group that are not based on actual experience

37
Q

Discrimination

A

acting a certain way toward a group

38
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

stereotypes can lead to behaviors that affirm the original stereotypes

39
Q

Stereotype threat

A

a self-fulfilling fear that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype; it can reduce performance

40
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

a tendency to judge people from another culture by the standards of one’s own culture

41
Q

Cultural relativism

A

judging another culture based on its own standards

42
Q

Group

A

collection of any number of people who regularly interact and identify with each other, sharing norms, values and expectations

43
Q

Aggregate

A

people who exist in the same space but do not interact or share a common identity

44
Q

Category

A

people who share similar characteristics but are not otherwise tied together

45
Q

Primary groups

A

play a more important role in individual’s life, they are usually smaller and include those with whom the individual engages with in person, in long-term emotional ways; serve expressive functions

46
Q

Secondary groups

A

larger and more impersonal, may interact for specific reasons for shorter periods of time; serve instrumental functions

47
Q

In-group

A

a group that a person belongs to and believes to be an integral part of who she is

48
Q

Out-group

A

a group that a person does not belong to

49
Q

Reference group

A

a standard measure that people compare themselves to

50
Q

Mere presence

A

basic level of experience between members of society; people are simply in each other’s presence; can have a measurable effect on an individual’s performance

51
Q

Social facilitation effect

A

people tend to perform simple, well-learned tasks better when other people are present

52
Q

Deindividuation

A

people may lose their sense of restraint and their individual identity in exchange for identifying with a group or mob mentality

53
Q

Bystander effect

A

a person is less likely to provide help when there are other bystanders

54
Q

Social loafing

A

a tendency for people to exert less effort if they are being evaluated as a group than if they are individually accountable

55
Q

Group polarization

A

the entire group tends toward more extreme versions of the average views they initially shared before discussions; due to:
informational influence - when the most common ideas that emerge are the ones that favor the dominant viewpoint, which persuades others to take a stronger stance
normative influence - based on wanting to be accepted or admired by others

56
Q

Groupthink

A

a state of harmony without a group, caused by pressure not to “rock the boat” in a group by providing a dissenting opinion

57
Q

Deviance

A

a violation of society’s standards of conduct or expectations

58
Q

Stigma

A

society often devalues deviant members by assigning these demeaning labels

59
Q

Group (peer) Pressure

A

Solomon Asch - people chose which lines were similar, they chose incorrectly when others around them were incorrect; found that people adjust behavior and thinking based on others - conformity

60
Q

Obedience

A

Stanley Milgram - participants were surprisingly obedient and administered shocks; experiment speaks to the power of authority and the discomfort that being disobedient invokes

MCAT Psych/Soc (7 decks)

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