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MCAT Psych/Soc > Chapter 6: Personality, Motivation, Attitude, Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Personality, Motivation, Attitude, Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Sigmund Freud - two instinctual drives motivate human behavior - the libido or life instinct (drives behaviors focused on survival, growth, creativity etc) and the death instinct (drive aggression behaviors fueled by unconscious wish to die or harm people)

personality is shaped by a person’s unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories which are derived from a person’s past experiences

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2
Q

Id, Ego, Superego

A

Id- what we want to do, seek to reduce tension and avoid pain and gain pleasure
Ego- what we actually do; uses logical planning to balance the Id desires and Superego morals
Superego- what we should do, follow moralistic and idealistic goals and strive for higher purpose

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3
Q

Five psychosexual stages

A

Freud suggested that each person matures through stages that correspond to which part of the body is the focus of sensual pleasure

  1. Oral - a child seeks sensual pleasure through oral activities such as sucking and chewing
  2. Anal - the child seeks sensual pleasure through control of elimination
  3. Phallic - the child seeks sensual pleasure through the genitals
  4. Latency - sexual interests subside and are replaced by interests in other areas such as school, friends, sports
  5. Genital - in adolescence when sexual themes resurface and a person’s life/sexual energy fuels activities such as friendship, sports, careers
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4
Q

Erikson’s Eight Psychosocial stages

A
  1. Trust vs. mistrust - if an infant’s physical and emotional needs are not met, as an adult he/she may mistrust the world and interpersonal relationships
  2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - if a toddler’s need to explore, make mistakes, test limits are not met, as an adult he/she may be dependent rather than autonomous
  3. Initiative vs. Guilt - young child’s need to make decisions is not met, as an adult he/she may feel guilty taking initiative
  4. Industry vs. Inferiority - if a child’s needs to understand the world, develop a gender-role identity, succeed in school are not met, as an adult he/she may feel inadequate
  5. Identity vs. Role Confusion - if adolescent does not test limits and clarify identity, goals, he/she may develop role confusion
  6. Intimacy vs. Isolation - if young adult does not form intimate relationships, he/she may become alienated
  7. Generativity vs. Stagnation - if person doesn’t feel productive by helping next generation and resolving differences between actual accomplishments and earlier dreams, he/she may become stuck in psychological stagnation
  8. Integrity vs. Despair - if a person looks back with regrets and lack of personal worth, he/she may feel hopeless, guilty, resentful, and self-rejecting
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5
Q

Psychoanalytic therapy

A

uses various methods to help a patient become aware of his or her unconscious motives, and to gain insight into the emotional issues and conflicts that are presenting difficulties

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6
Q

Humanistic theory

A

Carl Rogers; humans are seen as inherently good and as having free will; the most basic motive of all people is the actualizing tendency - the innate drive to maintain and enhance the organism and to grow toward self-actualization

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7
Q

Self-concept

A

made up of the child’s conscious, subjective perceptions and beliefs about himself

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8
Q

Humanistic therapy (person-centered therapy)

A

provide an environment that will help clients trust and accept themselves and emotional reactions, so they can learn and grow from their experiences; providing unconditional positive regard and empathy

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9
Q

Behaviorist Perspective

A

personality is the result of learned behavior patterns based on a person’s environment; it is deterministic and people start as a blank slate, with environmental reinforcement and punishment determining behavior and personality

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10
Q

Classical conditioning

A

a person acquires a certain response to a stimulus after that stimulus is repeatedly paired with a second, different stimulus that already produces the desired response

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11
Q

Operant conditioning

A

behaviors are influenced by the consequences that follow them, either reinforcements or punishments;
Positive reinforcement - presence of rewarding stimulus
Positive punishment - presence of aversive stimulus
Negative reinforcement - absence of aversive stimulus
Negative punishment - absence of rewarding stimulus

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12
Q

Behavioral therapy

A

uses conditioning to shape a client’s behaviors in the desired direction

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13
Q

Ego defense mechanisms

A

Repression - lack of recall of an emotionally painful memory
Denial - forceful refusal to acknowledge an emotionally painful memory
Reaction formation - expressing the opposite of what one really feels, when it would feel too dangerous to express the real feeling
Projection - attributing one’s own unacceptable thoughts or feeling to another person
Displacement - redirecting aggressive or sexual impulses from a forbidden action of object onto a less dangerous one
Rationalization - explaining and intellectually justifying one’s impulsive behavior
Regression - reverting to an earlier, less sophisticated behavior
Sublimation - channeling aggressive or sexual energy into positive, constructive activities, such as producing art

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14
Q

Social cognitive perspective

A

personality is formed by a reciprocal interaction among behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors

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15
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy

A

behavioral therapy (conditioning) is combined with a cognitive approach - a person’s feelings and behaviors are seen as reactions not to actual events, but to the person’s thoughts about those events

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16
Q

Personality trait

A

a generally stable predisposition toward a certain behavior

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17
Q

Surface traits

A

evident from a person’s behavior

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18
Q

Source traits

A

factors underlying human personality and behavior

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19
Q

Five-factor model

A

Openness, Conscientiousness, open to Experience, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

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20
Q

Hans Eysenck

A

biological perspective of personality; said that a person’s level of extroversion is based on individual differences in the reticular formation, which mediates arousal and consciousness; a person’s level of neuroticism is based on differences in the limbic system, which mediates emotion and memory

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21
Q

Jeffrey Alan Gray

A

biological perspective of personality; personality is governed by interactions among 3 brain systems (sympathetic nervous system, behavioral inhibition system, behavioral approach system) that respond to rewarding and punishing stimuli

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22
Q

C. Robert Cloninger

A

biological perspective of personality; personality is linked to the level of activity of certain neurotransmitters in 3 interacting systems

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23
Q

Person-situation controversy

A

similar to attribution theory; considers the degree to which a person’s reaction in a given situation is due to their personality or is due to the situation itself - trait vs. state

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24
Q

Instinct

A

behaviors that are unlearned and present in fixed patterns throughout a species

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25
Q

Drive

A

an urge originating from a physiological discomfort such as hunger, thirst, or sleepiness; alert an organism that it is no longer in a state of homeostasis; work through negative feedback systems

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26
Q

Arousal

A

some behaviors are motivated by a desire to achieve an optimum level of arousal; either seeking relaxation when overstimulated, or exploring surrounding when under-stimulated

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27
Q

Needs

A

includes basic biological needs and also higher-level needs that are not explained through instincts, drive, or arousal

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28
Q

Drive-reduction theory

A

suggests that a physiological need creates an aroused state that drives the organism to reduce that need by engaging in some behavior

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29
Q

Incentives

A

external stimuli, objects, and events in the environment that either help induce or discourage certain behaviors

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30
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

base of the pyramid is physiological needs and elements for survival, then safety needs, love and belongingness, esteem needs, and at the top is self-actualization
suggests that not all needs are created equally, some take priority over others

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31
Q

Psychological disorder

A

a set of behavioral and/or psychological symptoms that are not in keeping with cultural norms, and that are severe enough to cause significant personal distress and/or significant impairment to social, occupational, or personal functioning

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32
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

characterized by excessive worry, uneasiness, apprehension and fear with both physiological and psychological symptoms
ex. GAD, phobias, panic disorder, OCD, PTSD

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33
Q

Mood disorders

A

characterized by a disturbance in mood or affect; two broad categories are distinguished by the presence or absence of a manic or hypomanic episode
ex. Major depressive disorder, dysthymic disorder, bipolar disorder, cyclothymic disorder

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34
Q

Personality disorders

A

characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior and cognition that depart from social norms and are displayed across a variety of contexts
ex. paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, histrionic, borderline, narcissistic, avoidant, dependent personality disorders

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35
Q

Psychotic disorders

A

characterized by a general “loss of contact with reality” which can include delusions, hallucinations, and psychosis
ex. schizophrenia and delusional disorder

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36
Q

Dissociative disorders

A

characterized by disruptions in memory, awareness, identity, or perception
ex. dissociative identity disorder, dissociative amnesia, depersonalization disorder

37
Q

Eating disorders

A

characterized by disruptive eating patterns that negatively impact physical and mental health
ex. anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, pica

38
Q

Neurocognitive disorders

A

characterized by cognitive decline in memory, problem-solving, and perception
ex. alzheimer’s, delirium, dementia, amnesia

39
Q

Sleep disorders

A

characterized by interruption in sleep patterns

ex. insomnia, narcolepsy, sleepwalking disorder

40
Q

Somatoform disorder

A

characterized by symptoms that cannot be explained by a medical condition, substance use, and are not attributable to another mental disorder
ex. conversion disorder, somatization, hypochondriasis, body dysmorphic disorder, pain disorder

41
Q

Substance related disorders

A

characterized substance abuse and physical and mental dependence
ex. alcohol abuse, drug abuse

42
Q

Panic disorder (anxiety)

A

suffered at least 1 panic attack and worried about having more of them; during a panic attack, a person experiences intense dread, along with shortness of breath, chest pain, a choking sensation, cardiac symptoms

43
Q

Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD) (anxiety)

A

feels tense or anxious much of the time about many issues, but does not experience panic attacks

44
Q

Phobias (anxiety)

A

feels a strong fear that he/she recognizes as unreasonable, almost always experiences general anxiety or a full panic attack when confronted with a feared object/situation;
specific phobia - fear of a certain object or situation
social phobia - unreasonable fear of feeling embarrassed or humiliated while one is watched by others, even while performing routine activities

45
Q

Post-traumatic stress disorder (anxiety)

A

arises when a person feels intense fear, horror, or helplessness while experiencing, witnessing, or otherwise confronting an extremely traumatic event; symptoms are present for more than a month

46
Q

Acute stress disorder (anxiety)

A

similar to PTSD, but symptoms are present for a month or less

47
Q

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (anxiety)

A

has obsessions (repeated, intrusive, uncontrollable thoughts or impulses that cause distress or anxiety), compulsions (repeated physical or mental behaviors), or both

48
Q

Conversion disorder (somatoform)

A

experiences a change in sensory or motor function that has no discernible physical or physiological cause

49
Q

Pain disorder (somatoform)

A

suffers clinically important pain whose onset or severity seems significantly affected by psychological factors

50
Q

Somatization disorder (somatoform)

A

experiences a variety of physical symptoms over an extended time period, has at least 8 physical symptoms that began before age 30

51
Q

Body dysmorphic disorder

A

preoccupied with a slight physical anomaly or imagined defect in appearance which causes significant distress or impairment

52
Q

Hypochondriasis

A

preoccupied with fears of having a serious illness for at least 6 months

53
Q

Schizophrenia (psychotic)

A

chronic, incapacitating disorder by which a person is out of touch with reality and suffers material impairment in social, occupational, or personal functioning;
Positive symptoms of psychosis - something is added, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech
Negative - something is taken away, reduced or absent emotional expression, catatonic behavior, reduced quantity or fluency of speech, reduced initiative or abolition

hypothesis that dopamine pathway is hyperactive

54
Q

Paranoid-type schizophrenia

A

psychosis in the form of hallucinations and/or delusions, usually relating to a certain theme
negative symptoms not prominent

55
Q

Disorganized-type schizophrenia

A

psychosis is in the form of flat or inappropriate affect, disorganized speech disorganized behavior
delusions and hallucinations not prominent

56
Q

Catatonic-type schizophrenia

A

psychosis in the form of catatonic behavior, which can include retarded or excited motor activity, stupor, freezing, or purposeless hyperactivity
positive symptoms not prominent

57
Q

Undifferentiated-type schizophrenia

A

meets basic criteria for schizophrenia, but not for the other subtypes

58
Q

Residual-type schizophrenia

A

previously met criteria for schizophrenia, but symptoms are now milder

59
Q

Major depressive disorder (mood)

A

suffered one of more major depressive episodes - felt worse than usual for most of the day, nearly everyday for 2 weeks; depressed mood, change in weight, too much or too little sleep, loss of energy, thought of suicide

60
Q

Dysthymic disorder (mood)

A

less intense, chronic form of depression; milder symptoms felt for at least 2 years

61
Q

Bipolar disorder (mood)

A

experiences cyclic mood episodes at both extremes, depression and mania
bipolar I - experienced at least 1 manic or mixed episode
bipolar II - manic phases are less extreme, at least 1 major depressive episode and 1 hypomanic episode

62
Q

Cyclothymic disorder

A

similar to bipolar disorder but the moods are less extreme; experienced cyclic moods including hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes but less intense

63
Q

Dissociative amnesia (dissociative)

A

had at least one episode of suddenly forgetting some important personal information

64
Q

Dissociative fugue

A

a person suddenly goes on a journey, during which he or she cannot recall personal history prior to the journey

65
Q

Dissociative identity disorder

A

alternates among two or more distinct personality states or identities, only one of which interacts with other people at any one time

66
Q

Depersonalization disorder (dissociative)

A

recurring or persistent feeling of being cut off or detached from his or her body or mental process, as if observing themselves from the outside; may also think the external world is unreal

67
Q

Cluster A personality disorders

A

Paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

68
Q

Cluster B personality disorders

A

antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic

69
Q

Cluster C personality disorders

A

avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive

70
Q

Paranoid personality disorder

A

cluster A, mistrusts and misinterprets others’ motives and actions without sufficient cause, suspecting them of deceiving, harming, betraying, or attacking himself

71
Q

Schizoid personality disorder

A

cluster A, a loner with little interest or involvement in close relationships, even those with family members; unaffected emotionally by interactions with other people, appearing detached or cold

72
Q

Schizotypal personality disorder

A

cluster A, constricted or inappropriate emotion, magical or paranoid thinking, odd beliefs, speech, behavior, appearance, and perceptions; no confidant other than close relatives; eventually develop into schizophrenia

73
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

cluster B, history of serious behavior problems beginning as a teen, aggression, property destruction, lying or theft, serious rule violation; repeatedly disregarding the rights of others

74
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

cluster B, enduring or recurrent instability in his or her impulse control, mood, and image of self and others; reckless behavior with extreme mood swings, reactivity, anger lead to unstable relationships; terrified of abandonment

75
Q

Histrionic personality disorder

A

cluster B, desires to be center of attention, and often seeks to attract attention through personal appearance and seductive behavior; dramatic emotional expression yet the emotions are shallow and shifting

76
Q

Narcissistic personality disorder

A

cluster B, feels self-important, fantasies of beauty, brilliance, and power; person feels a desperate need for admiration in variety of contexts and feels envy toward and from others

77
Q

Avoidant personality disorder

A

cluster C, feels inadequate, inferior, and undesirable and is preoccupied with fears of criticism; feels ashamed and avoids interpersonal contact, risks, and new activities unless he/she is certain of being liked

78
Q

Dependent personality disorder

A

cluster C, feels a need to be taken care of by others and an unrealistic fear of being unable to take care of himself; has trouble assuming responsibility and making decisions, preferring to gain approval by making others responsible

79
Q

Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

A

cluster C, may not have true obsessions or compulsions, but may accumulate money or worthless objects; perfectionistic, rigid, stubborn, with a need for control interpersonally and mentally; resists other’s authority and will not cooperate or delegate to others unless things are done his way

80
Q

Alzheimer’s disease (neurocognitive)

A

most prevalent form of dementia; inability to form new memories - anterograde amnesia; formation of neuritic plaques, also evidence of abnormal activity in acetylcholine in the hippocampus

81
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

movement disorder characterized by death of cells that generate dopamine in the basal ganglia and substantia nigra; symptoms are a resting tremor, slowed movement, shuffling gait, rigid movement of the face

82
Q

Attitude

A

a person’s feelings and beliefs about other people or events around them, and their tendency to react behaviorally based on those underlying evaluations
3 main components (ABCs): affect (emotion), behavior tendencies, cognition (thought)

83
Q

Attitudes can better predict behavior

A

When social influences are reduced
When general patterns of behavior rather than specific are observed - principle of aggregation
When specific, rather than general, attitudes are considered
When attitudes are made more powerful through self-reflection

84
Q

Principle of aggregation

A

an attitude affects a person’s aggregate or average behavior, but not necessarily each isolated act

85
Q

James-Lange theory of emotion

A

behaviors may precede and influence emotions

86
Q

Behaviors that are likely to influence attitudes

A

Role-playing - Zimbardo’s Stanford prison experiment
Public declarations - saying something publicly can turn into believing it
Justification of effort - modifying attitude to match behavior

87
Q

Foot in the door phenomenon

A

enticing people to take small actions, and then after obtaining this involvement, raise the stakes; people will experience internal pressure to consent to larger requests to justify their acceptance of smaller requests

88
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

we feel tension whenever we hold two thoughts or beliefs that are incompatible, or when attitudes and behaviors don’t match; in order to reduce this tension, we make our views of the world match how we feel or what we’ve done

MCAT Psych/Soc (7 decks)

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