Chapter 5.2-5.3: Attitude and Behavior, Human Development

Question 1

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Answer 1

when people will be influenced by the content of the speech or the logic of the argument, and when people will be influenced by other more superficial characteristics like the appearance of the orator or the length of the speech

Question 2

Message characteristics

Answer 2

features of the message itself, such as logic and number of key points in the argument

Question 3

Source characteristics

Answer 3

of the person of venue delivering the message, such as expertise, knowledge, and trustworthiness

Question 4

Target characteristics

Answer 4

of the person receiving the messages, such as self-esteem, intelligence, mood, and other personal characteristics

Question 5

Central route

Answer 5

people are persuaded by the contents of the argument; elaboration likelihood model states that people choose the central route only when they are both motivated and interested in the topic and not distracted - messages via central route are more likely to have longer lasting persuasive outcomes

Question 6

Peripheral route

Answer 6

functions when people focus on superficial or secondary characteristics of the speech or the orator

Question 7

Social cognitive theory

Answer 7

theory of behavior change that emphasizes the interactions between people and their environment; how we interpret and respond to external events and how our past experiences, memories, and expectations influence our behavior

Question 8

Reciprocal determinism

Answer 8

interaction between a person’s behaviors (conscious actions), personal factors (personality and cognition), and environment (situational factors)

Question 9

Behavioral genetics

Answer 9

attempts to determine the role of inheritance in behavioral traits; the interaction between heredity and experience determines an individual’s personality and social behavior

Question 10

Reflexive movements

Answer 10

primitive, involuntary movements that serve to prime the neuromuscular system and form the basis for the more sophisticated movement to come

Question 11

Rudimentary movements

Answer 11

serve as the first voluntary movement performed by a child from birth to age 2; rolling, sitting, crawling, standing, walking

Question 12

Fundamental movement

Answer 12

occurs from age 2 to 7; learning to manipulate the body through actions such as running, jumping, throwing, catching etc. Highly influenced by the environment

Question 13

Specialized movement

Answer 13

children learn to apply fundamental movements to tasks
transitional substage - the combination of movements occur
application substage - more conscious decisions to apply these skills to specific types of activity, and application of strategy to movements is possible

Question 14

Lifelong application stage

Answer 14

beginning in adolescence and progressing through adulthood; movements are continually refined and applied to normal daily activities as well as recreational and competitive activities

Question 15

Neural networks

Answer 15

codified routes for information processing; neurons form these networks during infancy and early childhood - reinforced by learning and behavior

Question 16

Securely attached infants

Answer 16

in the presence of their mother, will play and explore; when the mom leaves the room, infant is distressed and will seek contact when the mother comes back. easily consoled

Question 17

Insecurely attached infants

Answer 17

in the presence of their mother, less likely to explore and may even cling to mother. when mother leaves, infant cries loudly and remains upset when mother comes back, or will be indifferent

Question 18

Authoritarian parenting

Answer 18

attempting to control children with strict rules that are expected to be followed unconditionally; use punishment instead of discipline and will not explain reasoning behind their rules; very demanding and not very responsive to children and don’t provide warmth

Question 19

Permissive

Answer 19

allow their children to lead the show; rarely discipline their children and have few rules and demands; responsive and loving toward their children; if rules exist, they are enforced inconsistently

Question 20

Authoritative parenting

Answer 20

listen to their children, encourage independence, place limits on behavior and consistently follow through with consequences when rules are broken; express warmth and nurturing, allow children to express their opinions and discuss options; have expectations for their children

Question 21

Adolescence

Answer 21

transitional stage between childhood and adulthood; brain undergoes 3 major changes - cell proliferation (prefrontal lobes and limbic system), synaptic pruning (of unused and unnecessary connections), myelination (strengthens connections between various regions