Chapter 7 - Working with the Bash Shell

Question 1

Used to read Standard Input from a user into a variable.

Answer 1

read command

Question 2

The process of copying a Git repository from another computer.

Answer 2

cloning

Question 3

A special syntax used in a shell script to alter the flow of the program based on the outcome of a command or contents of a variable. Common decision constructs include if, case, &&, and ||.

Answer 3

decision construct

Question 4

Used to perform version control operations using Git.

Answer 4

git command

Question 5

Used to view previously executed commands within a shell.

Answer 5

history command

Question 6

A common open source version control program primarily used for software development.

Answer 6

Git

Question 7

Used to create special variables that are shortcuts to longer command strings.

Answer 7

alias command

Question 8

A number that is returned by each command on a Linux system to indicate successful (0) or unsuccessful (1-255) execution. It can be used to provide the true/false functionality within shell script constructs.

Answer 8

exit status

Question 9

A file that contains multiple functions for use in other programs and shell scripts.

Answer 9

function library

Question 10

A syntax used to perform multiline input redirection.

Answer 10

here document

Question 11

The variables that are created by the user and are not used by the system. These variables are typically exported to subshells.

Answer 11

user-defined variables

Question 12

A file descriptor that represents the desired output from a command.

Answer 12

Standard Output (stdout)

Question 13

Used to execute the contents of a shell script within the current shell, instead of using a subshell.

Answer 13

dot ( . ) command

Question 14

Used to display a list of exported variables and functions present in the current shell.

Answer 14

printenv command

Question 15

A special syntax used in a shell script to execute commands repetitively. Common decision constructs include for and while.

Answer 15

loop construct

Question 16

Used to remove an alias from shell memory.

Answer 16

unalias command

Question 17

A special variable that can accept positional parameters and is used to store commands and constructs for later execution.

Answer 17

function

Question 18

Used to execute the contents of a shell script within the current shell, instead of using a subshell.

Answer 18

source command

Question 19

The name of a variable.

Answer 19

variable identifier

Question 20

A command that can take from Standard Input and send to Standard Output. In other words, a _______ is a command that can exist in the middle of a pipe.

Answer 20

filter

Question 21

A shell metacharacter used to pipe Standard Output from one command to the Standard Input of another command.

Answer 21

|

Question 22

The first line in a shell script, which defines the shell that will be used to interpret the commands in the script file.

Answer 22

hashpling

Question 23

Used to send variables to subshells.

Answer 23

export command

Question 24

The numeric labels used to define command input and command output.

Answer 24

file descriptors

Question 25

The variables that store information commonly accessed by the system or programs executing on the system; together, these variables form the user environment.

Answer 25

environment variables

Question 26

The default branch in a Git repo

Answer 26

master branch

Question 27

A snapshot of files that are tracked by Git for version control.

Answer 27

commit

Question 28

A syntax used to test a certain condition and generate a True/False value.

Answer 28

test statement

Question 29

The files used immediately after login to execute commands; they are typically used to load variables into memory.

Answer 29

environment files

Question 30

The character combinations that have special meaning inside the echo command. They are prefixed by the \ character.

Answer 30

escape sequences

Question 31

A shell metacharacter used to redirect Standard Output and Standard Error to a file.

Answer 31

>

Question 32

Used to display a list of exported variables and functions present in the current shell.

Answer 32

env command

Question 33

A shell metacharacter used to obtain Standard Input from a file.

Answer 33

<

Question 34

An argument to a shell script or function.

Answer 34

positional parameter

Question 35

Used to display or echo output to the terminal screen. It can use escape sequences.

Answer 35

echo command

Question 36

A system that keeps track of changes made to files by users.

Answer 36

version control

Question 37

Used to remove a variable or function from shell memory.

Answer 37

unset command

Question 38

A file descriptor that represents any error messages generated by a command.

Answer 38

Standard Error (stderr)

Question 39

Used to display a list of variables and functions within the shell.

Answer 39

set command

Question 40

A file descriptor that represents information input to a command during execution.

Answer 40

Standard Input (stdin)

Question 41

Used to generate a list of sequential numbers.

Answer 41

seq command

Question 42

An area of memory used to store information. ___________ are created from entries in environment files when the shell is first created after login, and are destroyed when the shell is destroyed upon logout

Answer 42

variable

Question 43

The process of changing the default locations of Standard Input, Standard Output, and Standard Error.

Answer 43

redirection

Question 44

A shell started by the current shell.

Answer 44

subshell

Question 45

The process of adding files to a Git index.

Answer 45

staging

Question 46

An argument to a shell script or function.

Answer 46

positional parameter

Question 47

A string of commands connected by | metacharacters.

Answer 47

pipe

Question 48

A variable that is altered by loop constructs to ensure that commands are not executed indefinitely

Answer 48

counter variable

Question 49

Used to transform or change characters received from Standard Input.

Answer 49

tr command

Question 50

A collection of files and commits that are used by Git. _________________ often represent software development projects.

Answer 50

Git repository

Question 51

A separate section within a Git repository used to track changes made to files.

Answer 51

branch

Question 52

Used to perform mathematical operations.

Answer 52

expr command