Chapter 1 - Introduction to Linux Flashcards
1
Q
A version of UNIX developed by IBM
A
AIX
2
Q
A mobile Linux-based operating system currently developed by Google’s Open Handset Alliance.
A
Android
3
Q
The software that runs on an operating system and provides the user with specific functionality (such as word processing or financial calculation).
A
application (app)
4
Q
A major Linux distribution known for its simplicity and customization features.
A
Arch
5
Q
An open source license that allows source code to be distributed freely but changed at the discretion of the original author.
A
artistic license
6
Q
A type of encryption that uses a key pair to encrypt and decrypt data.
A
asymmetric encryption
7
Q
The process whereby each user must log in with a valid user name and password before gaining access to a system.
A
authentication
8
Q
A popular and widespread method of clustering computers together to perform useful tasks using Linux.
A
Beowulf clustering
9
Q
A version of UNIX developed out of the original UNIX source code and given free to the University of California, Berkeley by AT&T.
A
BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution)
10
Q
A digitally signed public key file.
A
certificate
11
Q
A server that digitally signs public keys used by other computers to validate their authenticity.
A
Certification Authority (CA)
12
Q
The software whose source code is not freely available from the original author; Windows 10 is an example.
A
closed source software
13
Q
Another term for the Internet.
A
cloud
14
Q
A series of software components that are used to provide access to IaaS virtualized operating systems
A
cloud platform
15
Q
An organization that provides Internet access to resources in a data center.
A
cloud provider
16
Q
A grouping of several smaller computers that function as one large supercomputer
A
cluster
17
Q
The act of making a cluster; see also cluster
A
clustering
18
Q
A subset of an operating system that provides a unique service on the network.
A
container
19
Q
A person who uses computer software maliciously for personal profit.
A
cracker
20
Q
A term that refers to the technologies and processes used to provide security within a network environment and on the Internet.
A
cybersecurity
21
Q
A file that contains data organized into tables.
A
database
22
Q
Software that manages databases
A
Database Management System (DBMS)
23
Q
A major Linux distribution that is widely used worldwide.
A
Debian
24
Q
A Linux kernel that has been recently developed yet not thoroughly tested.
A
developmental kernel
25
A piece of software containing instructions that the kernel of an operating system uses to control and interact with a specific type of computer hardware.
device driver
26
Information that has been encrypted using a private key.
digital signature
27
A complete set of operating system software, including the Linux kernel, supporting function libraries, and a variety of OSS packages that can be downloaded from the Internet free of charge. These OSS packages are what differentiate the various distributions of Linux.
distribution
28
A production Linux kernel that receives long term patch support for a particular Linux distribution.
distribution kernel
29
The naming convention used by computers on the Internet.
Domain Name Space (DNS)
30
The protocol that is used to automatically obtain IP configuration for a computer.
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
31
A term that refers to a specific type of UNIX operating system. For example, macOS and BSD are two different _______ of UNIX.
flavor
32
An organization started by Richard Stallman that promotes and encourages the collaboration of software developers worldwide to allow the free sharing of source code and software programs.
Free Software Foundation (FSF)
33
Software distributed by the developer at no cost to the user.
freeware
34
An area on a Web site where answers to commonly posed questions can be found
frequently asked questions (FAQs)
35
A host name that follows the DNS naming convention.
fully qualified domain name (FQDN)
36
A major Linux distribution known for its focus on hardware and software optimization.
Gentoo
37
An acronym that stands for “GNU’s Not Unix.”
GNU
38
A software license, ensuring that the source code for any OSS will remain freely available to anyone who wants to examine, build on, or improve upon it.
GNU General Public License (GPL)
39
The default desktop environment on most modern Linux systems; it was first created in 1997.
GNU Network Object Model Environment (GNOME)
40
A free operating system project started by Richard Stallman.
GNU Project
41
The component of an operating system that provides a user-friendly interface comprising graphics or icons to represent desired tasks. Users can point and click to execute a command rather than having to know and use proper command-line syntax.
graphical user interface (GUI)
42
A GUI core component such as X Windows, combined with a window manager and desktop environment that provides the look and feel of the GUI. Although functionality might be similar among , users might prefer one environment to another due to its ease of use
GUI environment
43
A person who explores computer science to gain knowledge–not to be confused with “cracker.”
hacker
44
The tangible parts of a computer, such as the network boards, video card, hard disk drives, printers, and keyboards.
hardware
45
A particular configuration and grouping of computer hardware, normally centered on and determined by processor type and architecture.
hardware platform
46
A solution for a software bug.
hot fix
47
A task-specific instruction guide to performing any of a wide variety of tasks; it is freely available from the Linux Documentation Project at www.tldp.org.
HOWTO
48
A version of UNIX developed by Hewlett-Packard.
HP-UX
49
A cloud strategy that allows access to virtualized operating systems stored within a data center.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
50
A unique string of numbers assigned to a computer to uniquely identify it on the Internet.
Internet Protocol (IP) address
51
A mobile version of UNIX developed by Apple for use on iPhone, iPod, and iPad devices.
iOS
52
A Linux desktop environment created by Matthias Ettrich in 1996.
K Desktop Environment (KDE)
53
A network protocol used by most authentication services.
Kerberos
54
The central, core program of the operating system. The shared commonality of the _______ is what defines Linux; the differing OSS applications that can interact with the common _______ are what differentiates Linux distributions.
kernel
55
A unique piece of information that is used within an encryption algorithm.
key
56
A Finnish graduate student who coded and created the first version of Linux and subsequently distributed it under the GNU Public License.
Linus Torvalds
57
A software operating system originated by Linus Torvalds. The common core, or kernel, continues to evolve and be revised. Differing OSS bundled with the Linux kernel is what defines the wide variety of distributions now available.
Linux
58
A large collection of Linux resources, information, and help files supplied free of charge and maintained by the Linux community.
Linux Documentation Project (LDP)
59
A major Linux distribution that is known for its small learning curve.
Linux Mint
60
The open forums of Linux users who discuss and assist each other in using and modifying the Linux operating system and the OSS run on it.
Linux User Group (LUG)
61
A feature of some network devices that allows requests for a service to be spread across several different computers for fault tolerance and performance.
load balancing
62
A version of UNIX developed by Apple for use on Apple desktop computers and servers.
macOS
63
The service that downloads email from a mail transfer agent.
Mail Delivery Agent (MDA)
64
An email server.
Mail Transfer Agent (MTA)
65
A program that allows users to read email
Mail User Agent (MUA)
66
When referring to device files, it is the number used by the kernel to identify which device driver to call to interact properly with a given category of hardware; similar devices share a common major number. When referring to kernel versions, it is the number preceding the first dot in the kernel version; it is used to denote a major change or modification.
major number
67
A system that is used on Beowulf clusters to pass information to several separate computers in a parallel fashion
Message Passing Interface (MPI)
68
Mini-UNIX created by Andrew Tannenbaum. Instructions on how to code the kernel for this version of the Unix operating system were publicly available. Using this as a starting point, Linus Torvalds improved this version of UNIX for the Intel platform and created the first version of Linux.
MINIX
69
When referring to device files, it is the number used by the kernel to identify which specific hardware device, within a given category, to use as a driver to communicate with. When referring to kernel versions, it is the number following the first dot in the kernel version; it denotes a minor modification.
minor number
70
A prototype time-sharing operating system that was developed in the late- 1960s by AT&T Bell Laboratories.
Multiplexed Information and Computing Service (MULTICS)
71
A type of operating system that is able to manage multiple tasks simultaneously.
multitasking
72
A type of operating system that is able to provide access to multiple users simultaneously.
multiuser
73
A protocol that is used to obtain time and time zone information from servers across a network, such as the Internet.
Network Time Protocol (NTP)
74
An Internet service that allows access to postings (e-mails in a central place accessible by all newsgroup users) normally organized along specific themes. Users with questions on specific topics can post messages, which can be answered by other users.
newsgroup
75
Often used to describe a security appliance that performs multiple security functions.
Next Generation Firewall (NGFW)
76
The programs distributed and licensed so that the source code making up the program is freely available to anyone who wants to examine, utilize, or improve upon it.
Open Source Software (OSS)
77
One of the most popular and prevalent distributions of Linux, originally developed in Europe.
openSUSE
78
The software used to control and directly interact with the computer hardware components.
operating system (OS)
79
A system that defines a standard package format and can be used to install, query, and remove packages.
package manager
80
The process whereby a CyberSecurity worker attempts to break into systems to test security functionality.
penetration test
81
A cloud strategy that allows organizations to host custom apps and data within a data center.
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
82
A private data center hosted by an organization that is accessible to other computers across the Internet.
private cloud
83
An asymmetric encryption key that is used to decrypt data and create digital signatures.
private key
84
A program currently loaded into physical memory and running on the system.
process
85
A Linux kernel whose minor number (the number after the dot in the version number) is even, therefore deemed stable for use through widespread testing.
production kernel
86
A structured set of commands stored in an executable file on a filesystem. A ________ can be executed to create a process.
program
87
The syntax used for developing a program. Different programming languages use different syntaxes.
programming language
88
A server or hardware device that requests Internet resources on behalf of other computers.
proxy server
89
An asymmetric encryption key that is used to encrypt data and decrypt digital signatures.
public key
90
A system whereby a CA is used to validate the authenticity of public keys.
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
91
One of the most popular and prevalent distributions of Linux in North America, distributed and supported by Red Hat, Inc. Fedora is a Red Hat-based Linux distribution.
Red Hat
92
The number after the second dot in the version number of a Linux kernel that identifies the release number of a kernel.
revision number
93
A device capable of transferring packets from one network to another.
router
94
The capability of computers to increase workload as the number of processors increases.
scalability
95
An Internet Web site, such as www.google.com, where you simply enter a phrase representing your search item and receive a list of Web sites that contain relevant material.
search engine
96
A server that provides advanced security services on a network. Most security appliances run a custom Linux distribution
security appliance
97
A computer configured to allow other computers to connect to it from across a network.
server
98
The services that are made available for other computers across a network.
server services
99
The programs developed and provided at minimal cost to the end user. These programs are initially free but require payment after a period of time or usage.
shareware
100
The programs stored on a storage device in a computer, which provide a certain function when executed.
software
101
A cloud strategy that provides access to a service hosted on servers within a data center.
Software as a Service (SaaS)
102
The sets of organized instructions on how to function and perform tasks that define or constitute a program.
source code
103
A type of encryption that uses a single key to encrypt and decrypt data.
symmetric encryption
104
The additional functionality provided by a program that has been incorporated into and started as part of the operating system.
system service
105
A compressed tar archive.
tarball
106
The full sum of all accumulated costs, over and above the simple purchase price of utilizing a product. Includes training, maintenance, additional hardware, and downtime.
total cost of ownership (TCO)
107
A major Linux distribution that is widely used worldwide.
Ubuntu
108
Often used to describe a security appliance that performs multiple security functions.
Unified Threat Management (UTM)
109
The first true multitasking, multiuser operating system, developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie, and from which Linux was originated.
UNIX
110
A person who uses a computer. When used in the mode of a certain file or directory, it refers to the owner of that file or directory.
user
111
The interface the user sees and uses to interact with the operating system and application programs.
user interface
112
The process whereby a cybersecurity worker scans computers and networks for security vulnerabilities.
vulnerability assessment
113
A computer used to connect to services on a server.
workstation
114
The services that are used to access shared resources on a network server.
workstation services
115
The services that are used to access shared resources on a network server.
workstation services
116
The core component of the Linux GUI that displays graphics to windows on the terminal screen.
X Windows
