Chapter 7 Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards
anchoring bias
faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution
artificial concept
concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics
availability heuristic
faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to
you
cognitive psychology
field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think
cognitive script
set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event
schema
confirmation bias
faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs
convergent thinking
providing correct or established answers to problems
creative intelligence
ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem
creativity
ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities
crystallized intelligence
characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it
cultural intelligence
ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture
divergent thinking
ability to think “outside the box” to arrive at novel solutions to a problem
dyscalculia
learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics
dysgraphia
learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly
dyslexia
common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain
event schema
set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive
script
fluid intelligence
ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
Flynn effect
observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation
functional fixedness
inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was
intended
heuristic
mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem
hindsight bias
belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t
intelligence quotient
(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence
Multiple Intelligences Theory
Gardner’s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence
natural concept
mental groupings that are created “naturally” through your experiences
norming
administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups
overgeneralization
extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule
phoneme
basic sound unit of a given language
practical intelligence
aka “street smarts”
problem-solving strategy
method for solving problems
prototype
best representation of a concept
range of reaction
each person’s response to the environment is unique based on their genetic make-up
representative bias
faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for
your judgment
representative sample
subset of the population that accurately represents the general population
role schema
set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role
schema
(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts
semantics
process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
morphemes
A morpheme is the smallest meaningful lexical item in a language. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.
standard deviation
measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their
mean
standardization
method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are
consistent
triarchic theory of intelligence
Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical,
creative, and analytical
working backwards
heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result
heuristic
A heuristic, or heuristic technique, is any approach to problem solving or self-discovery that employs a practical method that is not guaranteed to be optimal, perfect, or rational, but is nevertheless sufficient for reaching an immediate, short-term goal or approximation.
Raymond Cattell
Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British-American psychologist, known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure.
intrapersonal psychological structure
describing factors operating or constructs occurring within the person, such as attitudes, decisions, self-concept, self-esteem, or self-regulation.
Theory of multiple intelligences
The theory of multiple intelligences proposes the differentiation of human intelligence into specific modalities of intelligence, rather than defining intelligence as a single, general ability
Charles Spearman
British psychologist Charles Spearman believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, which could be measured and compared among individuals. Spearman focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique.
Robert Sternberg
Robert Sternberg developed another theory of intelligence, which he titled the triarchic theory of intelligence because it sees intelligence as comprised of three parts (Sternberg, 1988): practical, creative, and analytical intelligence
triarchic theory of intelligence
The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that there are three distinct types of intelligence: practical, distinct, and analytical.
Howard Gardner
developed multiple intelligences theory
Raymond Cattell divided intelligence into two components
In the 1940s, Raymond Cattell proposed a theory of intelligence that divided general intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence (Cattell, 1963). Crystallized intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.
Fluid and crystallized intelligence
The concepts of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence were introduced in 1963 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. According to Cattell’s psychometrically-based theory, general intelligence is subdivided into gf and gc
Flynn effect
The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century
Norming
Norming refers to the process of constructing norms or the typical performance of a group of individuals on a psychological or achievement assessment.
Robert Sternbergs analytical intelligence
Sternberg says that analytical intelligence is demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast
Creative intelligence
Creative intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. Creativity in this realm can include finding a novel solution to an unexpected problem or producing a beautiful work of art or a well-developed short story
Morpheme
The Morpheme is the smallest unit of a language that can carry meaning.It is a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming ).
