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Psy > Chapter 7 Thinking and Intelligence > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Thinking and Intelligence Flashcards

1
Q

anchoring bias

A

faulty heuristic in which you fixate on a single aspect of a problem to find a solution

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2
Q

artificial concept

A

concept that is defined by a very specific set of characteristics

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3
Q

availability heuristic

A

faulty heuristic in which you make a decision based on information readily available to
you

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4
Q

cognitive psychology

A

field of psychology dedicated to studying every aspect of how people think

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5
Q

cognitive script

A

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as an event
schema

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6
Q

confirmation bias

A

faulty heuristic in which you focus on information that confirms your beliefs

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7
Q

convergent thinking

A

providing correct or established answers to problems

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8
Q

creative intelligence

A

ability to produce new products, ideas, or inventing a new, novel solution to a problem

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9
Q

creativity

A

ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

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10
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

characterized by acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

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11
Q

cultural intelligence

A

ability with which people can understand and relate to those in another culture

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12
Q

divergent thinking

A

ability to think “outside the box” to arrive at novel solutions to a problem

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13
Q

dyscalculia

A

learning disability that causes difficulty in learning or comprehending mathematics

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14
Q

dysgraphia

A

learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

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15
Q

dyslexia

A

common learning disability in which letters are not processed properly by the brain

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16
Q

event schema

A

set of behaviors that are performed the same way each time; also referred to as a cognitive
script

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17
Q

fluid intelligence

A

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

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18
Q

Flynn effect

A

observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation

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19
Q

functional fixedness

A

inability to see an object as useful for any other use other than the one for which it was
intended

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20
Q

heuristic

A

mental shortcut that saves time when solving a problem

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21
Q

hindsight bias

A

belief that the event just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t

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22
Q

intelligence quotient

A

(also, IQ) score on a test designed to measure intelligence

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23
Q

Multiple Intelligences Theory

A

Gardner’s theory that each person possesses at least eight types of intelligence

24
Q

natural concept

A

mental groupings that are created “naturally” through your experiences

25
Q

norming

A

administering a test to a large population so data can be collected to reference the normal scores for a population and its groups

26
Q

overgeneralization

A

extension of a rule that exists in a given language to an exception to the rule

27
Q

phoneme

A

basic sound unit of a given language

28
Q

practical intelligence

A

aka “street smarts”

29
Q

problem-solving strategy

A

method for solving problems

30
Q

prototype

A

best representation of a concept

31
Q

range of reaction

A

each person’s response to the environment is unique based on their genetic make-up

32
Q

representative bias

A

faulty heuristic in which you stereotype someone or something without a valid basis for
your judgment

33
Q

representative sample

A

subset of the population that accurately represents the general population

34
Q

role schema

A

set of expectations that define the behaviors of a person occupying a particular role

35
Q

schema

A

(plural = schemata) mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

36
Q

semantics

A

process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

37
Q

morphemes

A

A morpheme is the smallest meaningful lexical item in a language. The field of linguistic study dedicated to morphemes is called morphology.

38
Q

standard deviation

A

measure of variability that describes the difference between a set of scores and their
mean

39
Q

standardization

A

method of testing in which administration, scoring, and interpretation of results are
consistent

40
Q

triarchic theory of intelligence

A

Sternberg’s theory of intelligence; three facets of intelligence: practical,
creative, and analytical

41
Q

working backwards

A

heuristic in which you begin to solve a problem by focusing on the end result

42
Q

heuristic

A

A heuristic, or heuristic technique, is any approach to problem solving or self-discovery that employs a practical method that is not guaranteed to be optimal, perfect, or rational, but is nevertheless sufficient for reaching an immediate, short-term goal or approximation.

43
Q

Raymond Cattell

A

Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British-American psychologist, known for his psychometric research into intrapersonal psychological structure.

44
Q

intrapersonal psychological structure

A

describing factors operating or constructs occurring within the person, such as attitudes, decisions, self-concept, self-esteem, or self-regulation.

45
Q

Theory of multiple intelligences

A

The theory of multiple intelligences proposes the differentiation of human intelligence into specific modalities of intelligence, rather than defining intelligence as a single, general ability

46
Q

Charles Spearman

A

British psychologist Charles Spearman believed intelligence consisted of one general factor, called g, which could be measured and compared among individuals. Spearman focused on the commonalities among various intellectual abilities and de-emphasized what made each unique.

47
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

Robert Sternberg developed another theory of intelligence, which he titled the triarchic theory of intelligence because it sees intelligence as comprised of three parts (Sternberg, 1988): practical, creative, and analytical intelligence

48
Q

triarchic theory of intelligence

A

The triarchic theory of intelligence proposes that there are three distinct types of intelligence: practical, distinct, and analytical.

49
Q

Howard Gardner

A

developed multiple intelligences theory

50
Q

Raymond Cattell divided intelligence into two components

A

In the 1940s, Raymond Cattell proposed a theory of intelligence that divided general intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence (Cattell, 1963). Crystallized intelligence is characterized as acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it.

51
Q

Fluid and crystallized intelligence

A

The concepts of fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence were introduced in 1963 by the psychologist Raymond Cattell. According to Cattell’s psychometrically-based theory, general intelligence is subdivided into gf and gc

52
Q

Flynn effect

A

The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century

53
Q

Norming

A

Norming refers to the process of constructing norms or the typical performance of a group of individuals on a psychological or achievement assessment.

54
Q

Robert Sternbergs analytical intelligence

A

Sternberg says that analytical intelligence is demonstrated by an ability to analyze, evaluate, judge, compare, and contrast

55
Q

Creative intelligence

A

Creative intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation. Creativity in this realm can include finding a novel solution to an unexpected problem or producing a beautiful work of art or a well-developed short story

56
Q

Morpheme

A

The Morpheme is the smallest unit of a language that can carry meaning.It is a meaningful morphological unit of a language that cannot be further divided (e.g. in, come, -ing, forming incoming ).

Psy (7 decks)

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