Chapter 7: The Increasing Integration of Europe with the Wider World- Vocab Flashcards
Battle of Manzikert
A battle in 1071 that acted as a demoralizing defeat for the Byzantine Army (who lost to the Turkish Seljuqs), which soon fell in civil war.
Bogomils
A heretic group of Bulgaria and Byzantium in the late 10th century that viewed the world as a site of unrelenting cosmic struggle between good and evil. They despised the material world, adopting an ascetic regime that renounced material pleasures.
Capetian
Early French dynasty that started with Hugh Capet.
Cathars
A heretic group in southern France in the 11th century that rejected official churches, which they considered corrupt.
Cathedral schools
Schools organized by bishops in France and northern Italy in their cathedrals beginning in the 11th century. Well-known scholars served as masters, andd formal curricula based on Latin, liberal arts (literature and philosophy) was established. They attracted students from all parts of Europe.
Chivalry
European medieval code of conduct for knights based on loyalty and honor.
Crusades
It refers to a holy war, where warriors would venture forth as a symbol of their Christian faith. It refers to the huge expeditions of Roman Catholic Christians to recapture Palestine and Jerusalem from Muslim authorities.
Dominicans
An order of mendicants founded by St. Dominic (1170–1221 C.E.) whose purpose was to live in poverty and serve the religious needs of their communities.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
A wealthy and powerful woman living from 1122 to 1204 who lived in Poitiers and encouraged troubadors and the cultivation of good manners, refinement, and romantic love.
Fransiscans
An order of mendicants founded by St. Francis (1182–1226 c.e.) whose purpose was to live in poverty and serve the religious needs of their communities.
Frederick Barbarossa
1152–1190 c.e. Medieval emperor with lands in modern southern Germany who tried and failed to conquer Lombardy in modern Italy.
Guilds
Groups organized by merchants and workers in all the arts, crafts, and trades that regulated th eproduction and sale of goods. They controlled much of the urban economy of Europe by the 13th century, with standards of quality, requirements, prices, and techniques.
Hanseatic League
A commercial confederation of merchant guilds and market towns in northwestern Europe that dominated Baltic trade from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries.
Holy Roman Empire
An empire formed by German princes in the late 10th century and ending in 1806; a Christian revival of the earlier Roman Empire (but was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire as it was weak and only had intermittent influence in eastern Europe/Italy).
Investiture Contest
One aspect of the medieval European church-versus-state controversy, the granting of church offices by a lay leader.
Marco Polo
1254–1324 C.E. Italian merchant whose account of his travels to China and other lands became legendary.
Normans
Founders of the English monarchy from modern France. Dukes of Normandy built a tightly centralized state and retainted title to all land, building a series of castles with a displlined military.
Otto I
A ruler in Saxony that established himself as king of the Holy Roman Empire in Germany by the mid 10th century through ambitious military campaigns. He also had a good relationship with the pope and protected him in Italy several times.
Pilgrimage
Compostela, Spain (with the relic of st. James) and Rome (with the relics of St. Peter and St. Paul) were popular pilgrimage destinations of medieval Europe. Some visited Jerusalem and the Holy Land.
Pope Urban II
The pope that launched the crusades in 1095 after speaking at the Council of Clermont against Muslim Turks that threatened Christianity. He urged European forces to stabilize the borders and even recapture Jerusalem, saying that God willed it.
Relics
Physical remains of saints or religious figures assembled by churches for veneration.
Reconquista
Crusade, ending in 1492, to drive the Islamic forces out of Spain.
Saladin
1137–1193 c.e. Muslim leader and crusader who recaptured Jerusalem from the Christians in 1187.
Scholasticism
Medieval attempt of thinkers such as St. Thomas Aquinas to merge the beliefs of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy.
St. Thomas Aquinas
1225–1274 C.E. An Italian Dominican friar and Catholic priest whose religious writings became enormously influential in the school of Scholasticism.
Troubadours
A class of traveling poets and entertainers enthusiastically patronized by Medieval aristocratic women in modern southern France and northern Italy.
Three estates
The three classes of European society, composed of the clergy (the first estate), the aristocrats (the second estate), and the common people (the third estate).
Theme system
A system that granted farm land to men who served as soldiers and was undermined by wealthy landowners that acquired peasants’ properties in the late Byzantine empire.
William the Conqueror
Duke William of Normandy who was famous for organizing a fleet of ships that sailed across the English Channel to invade England in 1066. He introduced Norman principles of government and lang tenure to England.
