Chapter 11- The Transformation of Europe- Vocab

Question 1

Absolutism

Answer 1

Political philosophy that stressed the divine right theory of kingship: the French king Louis XIV was the classic example.

Question 2

Anglicans

Answer 2

A Christian tradition born out of the Protestant Reformation; the Church of England.

Question 3

Calvinists

Answer 3

Followers of Calvin, expected to dress simply, study the Bible regularly, and refrain from worldly activities.

Question 4

Capitalism

Answer 4

An economic system with origins in early modern Europe in which private parties make their goods and services available on a free market.

Question 5

Carolingian

Answer 5

Germanic dynasty that was named after its most famous member, Charlemagne.

Question 6

Catherine the Great

Answer 6

1729–1796 C.E. Catherine II was the longest-serving female ruler of Russia (from 1762 to 1796). She came to power by overthrowing her husband, Peter III, in a coup.

Question 7

Catholic Reformation

Answer 7

Sixteenth-century Catholic attempt to cure internal ills and confront Protestantism; it was inspired by the reforms of the Council of Trent and the actions of the Jesuits.

Question 8

Charles V

Answer 8

Reigned 1519–1556. Emperor who inherited the Hapsburg family’s Austrian territories as well as the Kingdom of Spain. When he became emperor in 1519, his empire stretched from Austria to Peru.

Question 9

Constitutional States

Answer 9

States where England had a constitutional monarchy and the Netherlands had a representative republic. This government strengthened the state and enabled merchants to flourish like never before.

Question 10

Council of Trent

Answer 10

1545–1563. Assembly of high Roman Catholic church officials which met over a period of years to institute reforms in order to increase morality and improve the preparation of priests.

Question 11

Émilie du Châtelet

Answer 11

A female scientist living from 1706 to 1749 who worked with German mathematician Gottfried Libniz and translated Isaac Netwon’s monumental work and explained his complex mathematics in graceful prose.

Question 12

English Civil War

Answer 12

1642–1649. A series of armed conflicts between the English crown and the English Parliament over political and religious differences.

Question 13

Galileo Galilei

Answer 13

1564–1642 C.E. Italian astronomer, engineer, and physicist from the town of Pisa, whose observations had a huge impact on the development of modern science.

Question 14

Glorious Revolution

Answer 14

1688–1689. The events that led to the replacement of the Catholic English King James II by his Protestant daughter Mary II and her Dutch husband William of Orange.

Question 15

Habsburgs

Answer 15

A family with extensive dynastic holdings in Austria that dominated the Holy Roman Empire after 1438.

Question 16

Isaac Newton

Answer 16

1643–1727 C.E. English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer who played a key role in the Scientific Revolution.

Question 17

Johannes Gutenberg

Answer 17

German Inventor in the early 1400s that introduced printing to Europe and invented mechanical movable type printing. He translated the Bible into German, stimulating the spread of religious books.

Question 18

Johannes Kepler

Answer 18

A German scientist (1571-1630) that demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical, not circular as in Ptolemaic theory.

Question 19

Joint-Stock Companies

Answer 19

Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk.

Question 20

Louis XIV

Answer 20

1638–1715 C.E. Also known as the Sun King, his seventy-two-year reign was the longest of any monarch in European history.

Question 21

Martin Luther

Answer 21

1483–1546. German monk and Catholic priest who became a critical figure in what became known as the Protestant Reformation after challenging the corruption of the church in his Ninety-Five Theses, published 1517.

Question 22

Nicolaus Copernicus

Answer 22

1473–1543 C.E. Polish astronomer who theorized that the Sun, rather than the Earth, lay at the center of the universe.

Question 23

Ninety-Five Theses

Answer 23

A document published by Martin Luther in 1517 that denounced the sale of indulgences.

Question 24

Peace of Westphalia

Answer 24

A treatise in 1648 that ended the Thirty Years’ War that laid the foundation for a system of Independent, competing states in Europe (recognizing each other as sovereign and equal).

Question 25

Peter the Great

Answer 25

Reigned 1682–1725. Russian tsar of the Romanov family who sought to modernize Russia based on the model established by western European states.

Question 26

Protestant Reformation

Answer 26

Sixteenth-century European movement during which Luther, Calvin, Zwingli, and others broke away from the Catholic church.

Question 27

Protoindustrialization

Answer 27

Also called the “putting- out system,” in which entrepreneurs delivered raw materials to families in the countryside, who would then spin and weave the materials into garments. The entrepreneurs would then pick up the garments, pay the families, and sell them on the market.

Question 28

Ptolemaic Universe

Answer 28

A conception of the universe based on the work of Greek Scholar Ptolemy of a motionless earth surrounded by hollow spheres that revolved around it.

Question 29

Richelieu

Answer 29

A prominent cardinal who served as minister to King Louis XIII from 1624 to 1642 who worked systematically to undermine the nobility and enhance the king’s power by crushing aristocratic conspiracies and building a large bureaucracy staffed by loyal commoners.

Question 30

Romanov

Answer 30

Russian dynasty (1610–1917) founded by Mikhail Romanov and ending with Nicholas II.

Question 31

Scientific Revolution

Answer 31

A reliance on observation and mathematics that transformed the study of the natural world in the 16th and 17th centuries that replaced the existing Greek views.

Question 32

Serfdom

Answer 32

Peasants who, though not chattel slaves, were tied to the land and who owed obligation to the lords on whose land they worked.

Question 33

Society of Jesus

Answer 33

Members of this society started by St. Ignatius in 1540 had to complete a rigorous and advanced education, serving as counselors to rulers and promoting Roman Catholic policies.

Question 34

Spanish Inquisition

Answer 34

Institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to detect heresy and the secret practice of Judaism or Islam.

Question 35

St. Ignatius Loyola

Answer 35

1491–1556 C.E. A Basque nobleman and soldier who later devoted his life to religion and founded the missionary Society of Jesus (the Jesuits).

Question 36

Thirty Years’ War

Answer 36

A massive continental conflict (1618-1648) opening after the Holy Roman empire tried to force his subjects into Catholicism. This war damaged lives, economies, and societies throughout Europe and was the most destructive European conflict before the 20th century.

Question 37

Versailles

Answer 37

Palace of French King Louis XIV.

Question 38

Witch-hunts

Answer 38

Period in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries in which about 110,000 people (mainly women) were tried as witches in western Europe.

Question 39

Yemelian Pugachev

Answer 39

Soldier who mounted an uprising in the steppes north of the Caspian Sea against the government in 1773.