Chapter 12: The Integration of the Americas and Oceania with the Wider World- Vocab

Question 1

Atahualpa

Answer 1

An Inca ruler who had a dispute with his brother Huascar in the early 1500s. Pizarro exploited their conflict, took over Cuzco, and killed them (sparing Atahualpa until he delivered gold to them).

Question 2

Audencias

Answer 2

Spanish courts in Latin America.

Question 3

Brazil

Answer 3

A region in eastern South America (known for its brazilwood trees) that was given to the Portuguese after the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494.

Question 4

Conquistadores

Answer 4

Spanish conquerors (of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century).

Question 5

Criollos

Answer 5

Creoles, people born in the Americas of Spanish or Portuguese ancestry.

Question 6

Doña Marina

Answer 6

Woman born in central Mexico in 1500 who became fluent in Maya, Nahuatl, and Spanish, and helped Cortés with communication, information, and diplomatic services (protecting him from ambushes, negotiating, having his son, etc.), but her people believed she was a traitor.

Question 7

Encomienda

Answer 7

System that gave the Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel the indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the mines or fields.

Question 8

Engenho

Answer 8

Brazilian sugar mill; the term also came to symbolize the entire complex world relating to the production of sugar.

Question 9

Epidemic Disease

Answer 9

huge increase in diseases in a specific area; killed many of the cultures/populations of indigenous peoples of the Americas after European contact.

Question 10

Francisco Pizarro

Answer 10

1478–1541 C.E. Spanish conquistador whose military expeditions led to the fall of the Inca Empire.

Question 11

Fur trade

Answer 11

A North American industry where agents, adventurers, businessmen, and settlers connected the interior or North America by a chain of forts and trading posts. Europeans traded manufactured goods for fur from Indigenous peoples, and the hides went to Europe.

Question 12

Hacienda

Answer 12

Large Latin American estates.

Question 13

Hernán Cortés

Answer 13

1485–1587 C.E. Spanish conquistador whose military expeditions led to the fall of the Aztec Empire.

Question 14

Indentured Labor

Answer 14

Servants who migrated from Europe in the hopes that they would be free after 7 years of work; an indentured labor trade was started in the 17th and 18th centuries to American colonies. Many died of disease or overwork, and many only found marginal employment.

Question 15

James Cook

Answer 15

1728–1779 C.E. British explorer, navigator, and cartographer who served in the British Royal Navy. Famous for his expeditions to the Pacific Ocean in the eighteenth century.

Question 16

Malintzin

Answer 16

1500–1529 C.E. Nahua woman who acted as interpreter and advisor for Hernan Cortes.

Question 17

Manila Galleons

Answer 17

Sleek, fast, heavily-armed Spanish cargo ships that traveled from Manila to the Mexican coast, exchanging Asian luxury goods for silver.

Question 18

Mestizo

Answer 18

Latin American term for children of Spanish and native parentage.

Question 19

Métis

Answer 19

Canadian term for individuals of mixed European and indigenous ancestry.

Question 20

Mita system

Answer 20

An Inca practice of requisitioning draft labor (used to recruit laborers for gold mines) where Spanish authorities annually required 1/7 of each village’s male population to work for 4 months in the Potosí mines.

Question 21

Motecuzoma II

Answer 21

1466–1520 C.E. Aztec emperor at the time of Hernan Cortes’ invasion.

Question 22

Nahuatl

Answer 22

The native tongue of Doña Marina and the principal language of the Aztec Empire.

Question 23

New Spain

Answer 23

The Spanish name for Mexico.

Question 24

Peninsulares

Answer 24

Latin American officials from Spain or Portugal.

Question 25

Potosí

Answer 25

City in the central highlands of modern-day Bolivia that became the world’s largest silver-producing area after silver was discovered in 1545.

Question 26

Quinto

Answer 26

The one-fifth of Mexican and Peruvian silver production that was reserved for the Spanish monarchy.

Question 27

Smallpox

Answer 27

A disease that touched off devastating epidemics in the Western hemisphere starting in 1518.

Question 28

Taíno

Answer 28

A Caribbean tribe who were the first indigenous peoples from the Americas to come into contact with Christopher Columbus.

Question 29

Tenochtitlan

Answer 29

Capital of the Aztec empire, later Mexico City.

Question 30

terra australis incognita

Answer 30

Meaning “unknown southern land,” it refers to land that European explorers had speculated must exist in the world’s southern hemisphere from the second to the eighteenth centuries.

Question 31

Tobacco

Answer 31

A plant cultivated in Virginia and Carolina first observed being smoked by Native American societies for ritual, medicinal, and social purposes. It’s addictive due to nicotine, and was widely adopted among Europeans for social pleasures.

Question 32

Virgin of Guadalupe

Answer 32

A national symbol of Mexican faith (catholicism & indigenous beliefs) and nationalism; a popular shrine where the Virgin Mary appeared to peasant Juan Diego in 1531.

Question 33

Zacatecas

Answer 33

Site of Spanish silver mine in the Mexican north where laborers went voluntarily as their home villages experienced conquest and disease. Ovr time, they became professional miners, spoke Spanish, and lost touch with their birth communities.

Question 34

Zambos

Answer 34

Latin American term for individuals born of indigenous and African parents.