Chapter 10: Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections- Vocab Flashcards
Alfonso d’Alboquerque
1453–1515 C.E. Commander of the Portuguese forces in the Indian Ocean in the early sixteenth century. He was responsible for seizing Hormuz, Goa, and Malacca, which allowed the Portuguese to control Indian Ocean trade.
Astrolabe
Navigational instrument for determining latitude.
Back staffs
An instrument used to measure the altitude of a heavenly body, like the Sun or Moon.
Bartolomeu Dias
Portuguese explorer that rounded the Cape of Good Hope and entered the Indian Ocean, but then turned back, in 1488.
Captain James Cook
1728–1779 C.E. British explorer, navigator, and cartographer who served in the British Royal Navy. Famous for his expeditions to the Pacific Ocean in the eighteenth century.
Ceuta
A Morrocan port conquered by Prince Henry of Portugal in 1415, used for voyages down the west African Coast.
Christopher Colombus
1451–1506 C.E. Italian explorer and navigator who made four transatlantic voyages to the islands off North America, which in turn opened the way for European colonization of the Americas.
Colombian Exchange
The global diffusion of plants, food crops, animals, human populations, and disease pathogens that took place after Colombus’ voyages.
Cross staffs
Device that sailors used to determine latitude by measuring the angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon.
East India Company
British joint-stock company that grew to be a state within a state in India; it possessed its own armed forces.
Ferdinand Magellan
1480–1521 C.E. Portuguese explorer famous for organizing the first circumnavigation of the globe, by ship, from 1519 to 1522.
Guanahaní
The name of the island with Taíno inhabitants where Colombus made landfall in the Bahamas.
Jan Pieterszoon Coen
Dutch mariner who founded Batavia on Java to serve as a port city for VOC in 1619.
Java
An island in modern Indonesia, and formerly home to the capital of the Dutch East Indies at the city of Batavia (modern Jakarta), founded 1619.
Join-stock Company
Early forerunner of the modern corporation; individuals who invested in a trading or exploring venture could make huge profits while limiting their risk.
Magnetic Compass
An mportant navigational instrument invented by the Chinese of the Tang or Song dinasty and diffusing throughout the Indian Ocean basin in the 11th century; used to determine heading.
Manila
City in modern Phillipines, and formerly capital of the Spanish colony of the Philippines, founded in 1565.
Manila galleons
Sleek, fast, heavily-armed Spanish cargo ships that traveled from Manila to the Mexican coast, exchanging Asian luxury goods for silver.
Miguel López de Legazpi
Spanish commander who named the Philippines in 1565, overcoming local authorities easily.
Prince Henry the Navigator
Prince Henrique of Portugal, who promoted voyages of exploration in west Africa to enter the gold trade, make alliances against the Muslims, and discover profitable new trade routes.
São Jorge da Mina
A fortified trading post established by Portuguese merchants in modern Ghana.
Seven Year’s War
A global conflict taking place in 1756-1763 in Europe, India, the Caribbean, and North America, laying the foundations for 150 years of British imperial hegemony.
Siberia
Region to the east of Russia in northeastern Europe, which was conquered by the Russians between 1581 and 1639.
Taíno
A Caribbean tribe who were the first indigenous peoples from the Americas to come into contact with Christopher Columbus.
Vasco da Gama
A Portuguese mariner who, in the late 1400s, traveled to India around Africa and through the Indian Ocean in order to directly participate in the spice trade and avoid Muslim and Italian intermediaries.
Vitus Bering
tA Danish navigator commissioned by Russian officials to undertake maritime expeditions in search of a northeast passage fo Asian ports. He sailed through the Arctic Ocean and Bering Strait.
VOC
The Dutch counterpart of the East India Company, established in 1602.
Volta do mar
“ Return through the sea,” a fifteenth-century Portuguese sea route that took advantage of the prevailing winds and currents.
