Chapter 7: The Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the three portal systems in the body?

Answer 1

Hepatic portal system; hypophyseal portal system; renal portal system

Question 2

What percentage of blood is liquid? Cells?

Answer 2

55%; 45%

Question 3

What are the three major categories of blood cells?

Answer 3

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Question 4

Hematocrit

Answer 4

Measurement of how much of the blood sample consists of RBCs; normal male = 13.5 to 17.5; normal female = 12.0 - 16.0

Question 5

What percent of the blood do leukocytes make up?

Answer 5

<1%; translates into about 4500 - 11 000 leukocytes per microliter of blood; can increase during infection

Question 6

What are the granular leukocytes?

Answer 6

Granulocytes (neutrophils, basinophils, eosinophils); they contain cytoplasmic granules that are visible by microscopy and contain compounds that are toxic to invading microbes - released through exocytosis; involved in inflammatory reactions, allergies, pus formation, and destruction of bacteria and parasites

Question 7

Agranulocytes

Answer 7

Consist of lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 8

Lymphocytes

Answer 8

Important in the specific immune response, the body’s targeted fight against particular pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria; some act as primary responders; others maintain a long-term memory bank of pathogen recognition

Question 9

Monocytes

Answer 9

Phagocytize foreign matter such as bacteria; once they leave the bloodstream and enter an organ, they become macrophages

Question 10

Macrophage population in the CNS?

Answer 10

Microglia

Question 11

Macrophage population in the skin?

Answer 11

Langerhans cells

Question 12

Macrophage population in the bone

Answer 12

Osteoclasts

Question 13

Thrombocytes

Answer 13

Platelets are cell fragments or shards released from cells in bone marrow known as megakaryocytes; assist in blood clotting and present in high concentrations (150 000 - 400 000 per microliter of blood); enzymatic reactions involved in the formation of a clot (the clotting cascade)

Question 14

Hematopoiesis

Answer 14

Production of blood cells and platelets; triggered by a number of hormones, growth factors, and cytokines

Question 15

Erythropoietin

Answer 15

Secreted by the kidney and stimulates mainly red blood cell development

Question 16

Thrombopoietin

Answer 16

Secreted b the liver and kidney and stimulates mainly platelet development

Question 17

Erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 17

Anti-Rh IgG antibodies of a Rh- mother can cross the placenta and attack the fetal blood cells, resulting in hemolysis of the fetal blood cells; can be fatal to the fetus

Question 18

Clot

Answer 18

Composed of both coagulation factors (proteins) and platelets and they prevent (or at least minimize) blood loss

Question 19

Coagulation factors

Answer 19

Mostly secreted by the liver; sense tissue factor and initiate a complex activation cascade

Question 20

What is the endpoint of the activation cascade?

Answer 20

Prothrombin is converted into thrombin by thromboplastin; thrombin then converts fibrinogen into fibrin

Question 21

How is the clot broken down?

Answer 21

Plasmin - generated from plasminogen