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MCAT > Chapter 11: Social Structure And Demographics > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Social Structure And Demographics Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Macrosociology

A

Focuses on large groups and social structure

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2
Q

Microsociology

A

Focuses on small groups and the individual

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3
Q

Social structure

A

System of people within a society organized by a characteristic pattern of relationships

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4
Q

Functionalism or functional analysis

A

Study of the structure and function of each part of society; early functionalists viewed society as a living organism

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5
Q

Functions

A

Beneficial consequences of people’s actions; help to keep society in balance

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6
Q

Dysfunctions

A

Harmful consequences of people’s actions as they undermine a social system’s equilibrium

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7
Q

Manifest function

A

If an action is intended to help some part of the system

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8
Q

Latent function

A

Unstated or unrecognized functions; often accompany manifest functions

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9
Q

Power

A

form of influence over other people

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10
Q

Conflict theory

A

Based on the works of Karl Marx; focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

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11
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Study of the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols

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12
Q

Symbols

A

Things to which we attach meaning

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13
Q

Social constructionism

A

Focuses on how individuals put together their social reality; social constructs arise from humans communicating and working together to agree on the significance of a concept or principle

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14
Q

Social institutions

A

Well-established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behaviour or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture

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15
Q

Family

A

Influenced by a number of different factors including culture, value systems, beliefs, practices, gender, age, race, ethnicity, and others

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16
Q

What are the five different types of social institutions?

A

Family, education, religion, government and economy, and healthcare and medicine

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17
Q

What are the four tenets of medical ethics?

A

Beneficence - the physician has a responsibility to act in the patient’s best interests
Nonmaleficence - do no harm
Respect for patient autonomy - physician has the responsibility to respect patients’ decisions and choices about their own healthcare
Justice - the physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care, and to distribute healthcare resources fairly

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18
Q

Culture

A

Encompassing the entire lifestyle for a given group; it binds our nation-states, political institutions, marketplaces, religions, and ideologies

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19
Q

Material culture

A

Focuses on artifacts (material items that people make, possess and value); sociologists explore the meaning of objects of a given society

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20
Q

Symbolic culture

A

AKA nonmaterial culture; focuses on ideas that represent a group of people; includes both cognitive (informs cultural values and beliefs) and behavioural (cultural norms and communication styles) components

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21
Q

Language

A

The most highly developed and complex symbol system used by most cultures

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22
Q

Values

A

What a person deems important in life, which dictates one’s ethical principals and standards of behaviour

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23
Q

Belief

A

Something that an individual accepts to be true

24
Q

Ritual

A

Formalized ceremony that usually involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behaviour

25
Q

Demographics

A

Statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology

26
Q

What are the common demographic categories?

A

Age, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, immigration status

27
Q

Ageism

A

Prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age

28
Q

Gender

A

The behavioural, cultural, or psychological traits typically associated with a biological sex

29
Q

Gender inequality

A

Intentional or unintentional empowerment of one gender to the detriment of another

30
Q

Race

A

Social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people

31
Q

Ethnicity

A

Social construct, which sorts people by cultural factors, including language, nationality, religion, and other factors; one can choose whether or not to display ethnic identity but not racial identity

32
Q

Symbolic ethnicity

A

Describes a specific connection to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic identity does not play a significant role in everyday life

33
Q

Sexual orientation

A

Defined as the direction of one’s sexual interest toward members of the same, opposite, or both sexes

34
Q

Heterosexual

A

Attraction to individuals of the opposite sex

35
Q

Bisexual

A

Attraction to members of both sexes

36
Q

Homosexual

A

Attraction to individuals of the same sex

37
Q

Demographic shifts

A

Changes in the makeup of a population over time

38
Q

Fertility rate

A

Refer to the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime in a population

39
Q

Mortality rate

A

Refer to the number of deaths in a population per unit time; usually measured in deaths per 1000 people per year

40
Q

What are the trends in the United States population

A

Population is getting bigger, older (due to a decrease in mortality rate and fertility rate), and more diverse (through immigration, mobility, and intermarriage)

41
Q

Migration

A

Contributor to population growth

42
Q

Immigration

A

Defined as movement into a new geographic space

43
Q

Emigration

A

Movement away from a geographic space

44
Q

Demographic transition

A

Specific example of demographic shift referring to changes in birth and death rates in a country as it develops from a preindustrial to industrial economic system

45
Q

What are the stages of demographic transition?

A

Stage 1: preindustrial society; birth and death rates are high
Stage 2: improvements in healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages cause death rates to drop
Stage 3: improvements in contraception, women’s rights, and a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy cause birth rates (births per 1000 individuals per year) to drop
Stage 4: an industrialized society where birth and death rates are low

46
Q

Malthusian theory

A

Focuses on how exponential growth of a population can outpace growth of the food supply and lead to social degradation and disorder

47
Q

Social movements

A

Organized either to promote or resist social change

48
Q

Proactive

A

Promote social change

49
Q

Reactive

A

Resist social change

50
Q

Globalization

A

Process of integrating the global economy with free trade and the tapping of foreign markets

51
Q

What are the positive effects of globalization

A

Availability of foods

52
Q

What are the negative effects of globalization?

A

Significant worldwide unemployment, rising prices, and increased pollution

53
Q

Urbanization

A

Refers to dense areas of population creating a pull for migration; cities are formed as individuals move into and establish residency in these new urban centres

54
Q

Ghettoes

A

Defined as areas where specific racial, ethnic, or religious minorities are concentrated, usually due to social or economic inequities

55
Q

Slum

A

Extremely densely populated area of a city with low-quality, often informal housing and poor sanitation

MCAT (12 decks)

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