CHAPTER 7 TEST

Question 1

What is Taxonomy?

Answer 1

Science of classifying and naming organisms based on physical characteristics (phenotype)

Question 2

What is a taxa

Answer 2

a classification or group of taxonomy

Question 3

What is Cladistics?

Answer 3

science of classifying based on recent common ancestors

Question 4

Structure of viruses

Answer 4

nucleic acids and protein coat (capsid)

Question 5

are viruses alive? Why?

Answer 5

They are NONLIVING because they dont have all 6 characteristics of life, such as they cannot reproduce on their own.

Question 6

What is the difference of the Life Cycle of of animal and bacterial viruses?

Answer 6

ANIMAL:
1. Animals cells infected
2. Bonds to specific protein receptors
3. reverse transcription, joins host DNA
4. Lies dormant, leaves using exocytosis
5. Cell usually doesn’t die

BACTERIAL (bacteriophage=bacterial virus)
1. Bacterial cells infected
2. viral DNA is injected into cell membrane
3. copied by host’s machinery
4. virus is reassembles and bursts out
5. Cell does

Question 7

Injection of Vaccine

Answer 7

weakened/dead part of a virus, bacteria, protein part, toxin part, or mRNA part-always injected to an uninfected person. This initiates a primary immune response so the memory cells remember the disease for the next time it comes, when it will have a secondary immune response

Question 8

Herd immunity-what is it

Answer 8

when enough of the community have had the virus or got the vaccine that it cant really spread anymore

Question 9

Bacteria structure

Answer 9

a type of the prokaryotic cell is enclosed by the cell membrane (inner) and cell wall (outer). It has DNA and ribosomes in the middle, and has a string-like flagella that helps it move around

Question 10

How do prokaryotes divide

Answer 10

Binary fission, similar to mitosis because it results in 2 identical cells

Question 11

steps for binary fission

Answer 11

DNA replication, cell elongation, 2 identical prokaryotes

Question 12

how are bacteria classified

Answer 12

1: morphological appearance (shape)-bacilli (rod shape), cocci (sphere shape), and spirilli (Spiral shape)
2. Cell wall structure-gram stain (+ if purple, thick, - if pink, thin)
3. growth on nutrients

Question 13

What does pathogenic bacteria do

Answer 13

cause disease

Question 14

Who discovered antibiotics

Answer 14

1928 Alexander Fleming

Question 15

What is the cause of antibiotic resistance?

Answer 15

mutation of bacteria because of overdosing

Question 16

what should we do to prevent the spread of pathogenic bacteria?

Answer 16

1. Take the full course of meds
2. practice good hygiene
3. only take meds when u need to
   4.take specific antibiotics

Question 17

characteristics of protists we studied

Answer 17

unicellular, eukaryotic

Question 18

what are 3 ways protists are classified

Answer 18

animal like, plant like, and fungel like

Question 19

Describe animal like protists

Answer 19

heterotrophic, have movement
amoeba-pseudopods
Biardia-parasite-have flagella
paramecium-cilia

Question 20

describe plant-like protists

Answer 20

autotrophs, heterotrophs, chloroplasts, cell wall with cellulose
spirogyra
Volvox
Euglena

Question 21

describe fungal-like protists

Answer 21

fruiting bodies and sports, decomposers, absorb nutrients

Question 22

Eukaryote vs. Prokaryote

Answer 22

Eukaryotes have membrane-covered organelles, DNA in the nucleus, and are in single or multi-celled organisms. Prokaryotes dont have membrane-bound organelles, their DNA floats around inside the cytoplasm, and they are only unicellular.

Question 23

Transcription vs. Translation

Answer 23

Transcription is the process of copying a portion of the DNA code (in the nucleus) onto an mRNA strand to carry the instructions for making proteins to a ribosome, but translation is the process of translating or reading the mRNA code by the ribosome so that the tRNA can bring the appropriate amino acid to build the protein.

Question 24

describe the Cycle of Scientific Enterprise

Answer 24

THEORY< HYPOTHESES<EXPERIMENT<RESALUTION
<if the resolution is “yes”, then there’s a new fact

Question 25

how does the bacteriophage reproduce in detail? just for fun ;)

Answer 25

It attaches to the outside of the host cell, and injects DNA into the host cell. The bacterial cell copies the viral DNA, while its own is destroyed it transcribes and translates the viral genes into proteins, which are packaged together to produce new bacteriophages. The virus takes over the bacterial cell so it becomes a virus factory! Once the new viruses are made, they are released from the host cell and the cycle restarts

Question 26

How does the animal (retrovirus) reproduce in detail? What is a retrovirus?

Answer 26

A retrovirus is a virus, like HIV, among other things, that has RNA as its genetic material instead of DNA. Upon infection with a retrovirus, a cell converts the retroviral RNA to DNA, which is inserted into the DNA of the host cell. The cell then produces more retroviruses, which infects other cells.

Question 27

What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?

Answer 27

Antigens are special tags on each cell's surface that tell the body they belong to them but antibodies are proteins made by B cells that are specific to the foreign antigen. The antibodies bind to the foreign antigen and target the pathogen for destruction.

Question 28

How do Protists differ from Bacteria and Archaea

Answer 28

Protists are eukaryotes, and are more complex, but Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotes.

Question 29

3 ways protists move

Answer 29

1. Cilia-Cilates use them to feel and drift 2. pseudopods-amoeba use them like footlike extensions of the cytoplasm to move around 3. flagella-Euglena use them to swim

Question 30

what is the name for disease causing bacteria

Answer 30

pathogenic

Question 31

what is used to treat a bacterial infection

Answer 31

antibiotic

Question 32

Who was the scientist instrumental in creating a classification system?

Answer 32

Carolus Linnaeus made the system because there wasn't a universally organized way to identify or name organisms at the time and he felt they were unorganized

Question 33

what is a cladogram?

Answer 33

also phylogenetic tree. diagram that represents relationships among organisms

Question 34

node

Answer 34

shows common ancester

Question 35

sister taxon

Answer 35

2 clads that are above the branch point (node). They share a common ancestor

Question 36

central Dogma of Biology

Answer 36

DNA self-replicates. Further, its information flows from DNA to RNA to protein