CHAPTER 13? test on HUMAN BODY

Question 1

11 systems of human body

I never really considered doing exercise, especially so many laps in a row

Answer 1

integumentary, nervous, respiratory, circulatory, digestive, endocrine, execratory, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic immune, reproductive

Question 2

base unit of structure and function: Nervous

Answer 2

neuron: made of cell body, axon, dendrite, myelin sheath made of Schwann cells, axon terminal, and neurotransmitter. nerve impulse goes 1 way-action potential

Question 3

base unit of structure and function: skeletal

Answer 3

osteocytes(mature bone cell)

Question 4

base unit of structure and function: muscular

Answer 4

structure: muscle cell (fiber), Function: sarcomere.

muscle cell has fascicles and myofibrils made of sarcomeres, which shorten during contraction. they are made of z lines with myosin and actin, which meet when it contracts.

Question 5

base unit of structure and function: circulatory

Answer 5

blood (RBC), heart (muscle fiber) Vessels (capillary)

Question 6

base unit of structure and function: respiratory

Answer 6

alveoli-grape looking structures on end of bronchioles surrounded by capillaries

Question 7

base unit of structure and function: digestive tract

Answer 7

villi and microvilli-increase surface area to increase absorption

Question 8

base unit of structure and function: execratory system

Answer 8

nephron-starts with glomerulus (collection of capillaries with capsule around them)

Question 9

base unit of structure and function: reproductive

Answer 9

gametes (haploid-N, meiosis). cell= basic unit of life

Question 10

skeletal system

Answer 10

Goal-support the body, store minerals(calcium and phosphate), attachment cite for blood cells, protects important organs, produces blood cells

know how is bone formed-later question

Question 11

how is bone formed?

Answer 11

ossification. starts a few months before birth and goes until after puberty. starts as cartilage and starts to undergo ossification.
osteoblasts lay down spongy bone on the cartilaginous framework when calcium levels are high.
osteocytes break it down when calcium is lower.
osteoblasts put down compact bone.
happens in growth/ epiphysial plate to elongate bone
as an adult, bone still remodels

Question 12

Muscular system

Answer 12

goal-protect internal organs, enables movement, keeps the body temperature maintained, stabilizes joints.

know 3 types of tissue

contraction-the myosin is pulling on the actin to shorten the sarcomere. Empowered by ATP and calcium ions.

Question 13

circulatory system

Answer 13

goal-to bring oxygen nutrients, hormones to the cells, and remove carbon dioxide and waste from the cells

Heart-4 chambers (atria receive blood, ventricle distribute blood) 4 valves, several big vessels
vessel-arteries (away from <3, have muscles, oxygenated), veins (to <3, have valves, deoxygenated) capillaries (tiny, diffusion)

closed double loop

look at the earlier brainscape for the quiz or the blood flow sheet. note oxygenated and deoxygenated.

Question 14

Respiratory system

Answer 14

Goal: oxygenate blood, remove carbon dioxide
has Alveoli (includes capillary, oxygen, diffusion)

Inhale: diaphragm and rib muscles contract, this increases the volume of the chest cavity, pressure decreases so air rushes in

exhale: diaphragm muscles relax and volume decreases in chest cavity so volume increases. Air rushes out.

Question 15

Nervous system

Answer 15

Goal: maintain homeostasis, provide communication center, coordinates all body functions

2 branches: Central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS)

3 types of neurons: motor, sensory, interneuron

Question 16

explain 3 types of neurons

Answer 16

motor: The effector/responder neuron that takes information from the CNS (by interneurons) to the muscle or gland that needs to respond. It has a dendrite, cell body, axon, and axon terminal.

sensory: receiver-detects info from sensory glands/organs and sends it to the CNS (through interneurons). The cell body is centrally located. less dendrites

interneuron: connects sensory and motor neurons. found in brain and spinal cord. short

Question 17

How is a nerve impulse transmitted?*

Answer 17

Resting Potential: normal state (a negative charge and high potassium concentration inside b/c outside there is a high sodium concentration)

Depolarization-starts in cell body b/c the sodium channels open, so the sodium enters the neuron and the charge inside becomes positive b/c now there’s positive ions in there

Repolarization: right after depolarization. potassium channels open and it goes out, re-establishing the negative charge

Refractory Period: sodium potassium pump moves sodium out and potassium back in. Until it restores concentrations, cannot restart nerve impulse.

Question 18

Digestive system

Answer 18

Goal: break down food into usable nutrients that can be absorbed for use by the cells, eliminates waste

the digestive tract=continuous tube; digestive system includes accessory organs

know 2 types of digestion, 4 biomolecules and how they’re digested, how and where the nutrients are absorbed, accessory organs

Question 19

2 types of digestion

Answer 19

Chemical (uses enzymes and is in mouth, stomach, and small intestine) and mechanical (physical and is in mouth and stomach)

Question 20

4 biomolecules and how they are digested and where

Answer 20

carbs: digested in mouth (saliva-anywhere) and small int.

proteins: digested in stomach with pepsin activated by hydrochloric acid. also in small int.

lipids-digested in small int. b/c they get bile from the liver/gall bladder

nucleic acids: small int.

Question 21

accessory organs

Answer 21

liver, gall bladder, pancreas, salivary glands, NO SPLEEN

Question 22

How and where are nutrients absorbed*

Answer 22

absorbed in small int. by villi and microvilli interfacing the capillaries They are very enfolded to create greater surface area, which slows movement and heightens chances of absorption

Question 23

Execratory system

Answer 23

Goal: removes waste removed by metabolism, regulates ions, water, and PH levels in the body (homeostasis)

know 4 stages of urine production

Question 24

4 stages of urine production

Answer 24

Filtration: it forces water, ions, and other small molecules to exit the capillary and enter the glomerulus (ball of capillaries) capsule. he fluid is now filtrate

Reabsorption: filtration moves through tubules and needed nutrients and ions are pulled back into capillaries

tubular secretion: removal of toxins, drugs, unwanted substances from blood into tubules

excretion: filtrate moves to the renal pelvis to be eliminated as urine

Question 25

Reproductive system

Answer 25

Goal: reproduce-continuation of the species

Initial development: gametes produced by meiosis fertilize-diploid zygote-goes through mitotic divisions with little or no cell growth. This is cleavage-makes multicellular hollow ball (blastula). Cells-identical (totipotent). begins to fold in on itself through gastrulation-gastrula. opening is blastopore, creates archenteron. cells differentiate (pluripotent) and makes 2-3 germ layers.

3 stages of early development: pre-embryonic (1st wk after fertilization, ends when zygote/blastocyst implants in the uterine wall and placenta forms), embryonic (2-8 wks. 3 germ layers differentiate and major organs form) and fetal (3rd month to birth, organs mature and baby grows larger)

Question 25

Review: transport

Answer 25

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, active transport

Question 26

3 types of tissue

Answer 26

3 types: smooth (oblong, single-nuclei, involuntary), cardiac (branched, single-nuclei in heart, striated involuntary), skeletal (long and thin, multiple nuclei, striated, created by lining up of myosin and actin, voluntary).

Question 27

diffusion

Answer 27

uses small nonpolar particles in permeable membrane. Concentration goes high to low. Solute and solvent can move. no energy needed

Question 28

osmosis

Answer 28

concentration high to low. only solvent can move. semipermeable membrane. no energy needed (passive transport)

Question 29

facilitated diffusion

Answer 29

concentration high to low. moves large polar molecules by protein channels. no energy needed with the concentration gradient

Question 30

active transport

Answer 30

concentration low to high-so requires energy bc active transport. requires ATP.

Question 31

Blood Flow through the heart

Answer 31

DEOXYGENATED superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus bring blood to heart, Goes through right atria, Tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary semilunar valve, pulmonary arteries, OXYGENATED at lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, mitral valve, left ventricle, Aortic semilunar valve, aorta, systemic arteries, capillaries, DEOXYGENATED at cells or tissues, capillaries, and systemic veins. starts over.