CHAPTER 13? test on HUMAN BODY Flashcards
11 systems of human body
I never really considered doing exercise, especially so many laps in a row
integumentary, nervous, respiratory, circulatory, digestive, endocrine, execratory, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic immune, reproductive
base unit of structure and function: Nervous
neuron: made of cell body, axon, dendrite, myelin sheath made of Schwann cells, axon terminal, and neurotransmitter. nerve impulse goes 1 way-action potential
base unit of structure and function: skeletal
osteocytes(mature bone cell)
base unit of structure and function: muscular
structure: muscle cell (fiber), Function: sarcomere.
muscle cell has fascicles and myofibrils made of sarcomeres, which shorten during contraction. they are made of z lines with myosin and actin, which meet when it contracts.
base unit of structure and function: circulatory
blood (RBC), heart (muscle fiber) Vessels (capillary)
base unit of structure and function: respiratory
alveoli-grape looking structures on end of bronchioles surrounded by capillaries
base unit of structure and function: digestive tract
villi and microvilli-increase surface area to increase absorption
base unit of structure and function: execratory system
nephron-starts with glomerulus (collection of capillaries with capsule around them)
base unit of structure and function: reproductive
gametes (haploid-N, meiosis). cell= basic unit of life
skeletal system
Goal-support the body, store minerals(calcium and phosphate), attachment cite for blood cells, protects important organs, produces blood cells
know how is bone formed-later question
how is bone formed?
ossification. starts a few months before birth and goes until after puberty. starts as cartilage and starts to undergo ossification.
osteoblasts lay down spongy bone on the cartilaginous framework when calcium levels are high.
osteocytes break it down when calcium is lower.
osteoblasts put down compact bone.
happens in growth/ epiphysial plate to elongate bone
as an adult, bone still remodels
Muscular system
goal-protect internal organs, enables movement, keeps the body temperature maintained, stabilizes joints.
know 3 types of tissue
contraction-the myosin is pulling on the actin to shorten the sarcomere. Empowered by ATP and calcium ions.
circulatory system
goal-to bring oxygen nutrients, hormones to the cells, and remove carbon dioxide and waste from the cells
Heart-4 chambers (atria receive blood, ventricle distribute blood) 4 valves, several big vessels
vessel-arteries (away from <3, have muscles, oxygenated), veins (to <3, have valves, deoxygenated) capillaries (tiny, diffusion)
closed double loop
look at the earlier brainscape for the quiz or the blood flow sheet. note oxygenated and deoxygenated.
Respiratory system
Goal: oxygenate blood, remove carbon dioxide
has Alveoli (includes capillary, oxygen, diffusion)
Inhale: diaphragm and rib muscles contract, this increases the volume of the chest cavity, pressure decreases so air rushes in
exhale: diaphragm muscles relax and volume decreases in chest cavity so volume increases. Air rushes out.
Nervous system
Goal: maintain homeostasis, provide communication center, coordinates all body functions
2 branches: Central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS)
3 types of neurons: motor, sensory, interneuron
explain 3 types of neurons
motor: The effector/responder neuron that takes information from the CNS (by interneurons) to the muscle or gland that needs to respond. It has a dendrite, cell body, axon, and axon terminal.
sensory: receiver-detects info from sensory glands/organs and sends it to the CNS (through interneurons). The cell body is centrally located. less dendrites
interneuron: connects sensory and motor neurons. found in brain and spinal cord. short
How is a nerve impulse transmitted?*
Resting Potential: normal state (a negative charge and high potassium concentration inside b/c outside there is a high sodium concentration)
Depolarization-starts in cell body b/c the sodium channels open, so the sodium enters the neuron and the charge inside becomes positive b/c now there’s positive ions in there
Repolarization: right after depolarization. potassium channels open and it goes out, re-establishing the negative charge
Refractory Period: sodium potassium pump moves sodium out and potassium back in. Until it restores concentrations, cannot restart nerve impulse.
Digestive system
Goal: break down food into usable nutrients that can be absorbed for use by the cells, eliminates waste
the digestive tract=continuous tube; digestive system includes accessory organs
know 2 types of digestion, 4 biomolecules and how they’re digested, how and where the nutrients are absorbed, accessory organs
2 types of digestion
Chemical (uses enzymes and is in mouth, stomach, and small intestine) and mechanical (physical and is in mouth and stomach)
4 biomolecules and how they are digested and where
carbs: digested in mouth (saliva-anywhere) and small int.
proteins: digested in stomach with pepsin activated by hydrochloric acid. also in small int.
lipids-digested in small int. b/c they get bile from the liver/gall bladder
nucleic acids: small int.
accessory organs
liver, gall bladder, pancreas, salivary glands, NO SPLEEN
How and where are nutrients absorbed*
absorbed in small int. by villi and microvilli interfacing the capillaries They are very enfolded to create greater surface area, which slows movement and heightens chances of absorption
Execratory system
Goal: removes waste removed by metabolism, regulates ions, water, and PH levels in the body (homeostasis)
know 4 stages of urine production
4 stages of urine production
Filtration: it forces water, ions, and other small molecules to exit the capillary and enter the glomerulus (ball of capillaries) capsule. he fluid is now filtrate
Reabsorption: filtration moves through tubules and needed nutrients and ions are pulled back into capillaries
tubular secretion: removal of toxins, drugs, unwanted substances from blood into tubules
excretion: filtrate moves to the renal pelvis to be eliminated as urine
