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Precision Nutrition Level 1 Certification > Chapter 7: Systems and cells > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Systems and cells Flashcards

In this chapter: - you'll learn about cells as part of the basic systems of the body

1
Q

[Keyword] Ecosystem

A

A dynamic, interactive, interconnected network of living things and the physical environment

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2
Q

[Keyword] Homeostasis

A

The state of balanced function in the body

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3
Q

[Keyword] Organ system

A

A group of organs coordinated around a specific function

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4
Q

What is the role of the Integumentary system?

A

It protects the body from outside damage and infection, from fluid loss and controls body temperature

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5
Q

The Integumentary system includes…

A
  • skin
  • hair
  • nails
  • sweat glands
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6
Q

What is the role of the Skeletal system?

A

It gives the body a rigid scaffold so that it can move, protects other tissues, produces blood cells, and stores minerals and fat

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7
Q

The Skeletal system includes…

A
  • bones
  • ligaments
  • cartilage
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8
Q

What is the role of the Muscular system?

A

It moves us, moves blood through blood vessels, moves food through the intestines, and helps keep us warm

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9
Q

The Muscular system includes…

A
  • skeletal muscles (attached to bones with tendons)
  • cardiac muscles
  • smooth muscles (part of arteries and veins, bladder, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, and more)
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10
Q

What is the role of the Nervous system?

A

It receives input from the environment through specialized sensory organs, synthesizes the information, and sends out electrochemical signals that trigger thoughts, emotions and involuntary activity

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11
Q

The Nervous system includes…

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
  • nerves
  • sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc)
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12
Q

The role of the Endocrine system is…

A

facilitating communication between organs

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13
Q

The Endocrine system includes…

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pineal gland
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
  • liver
  • pancreas
  • kidneys
  • adrenal glands
  • testes/ovaries
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14
Q

The role of the Circulatory system is…

A

to distribute water, electrolytes, oxygen, nutrients, hormones and enzymes, to regulate temperature and pH, and to collect carbon dioxide and other byproducts throughout the body

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15
Q

The Circulatory system includes…

A
  • heart
  • blood
  • blood vessels
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16
Q

The role of the Immune system is…

A

to protect against pathogens, tumor cells, and other foreign invaders

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17
Q

The Immune system includes…

A
  • thymus
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils
  • white blood cells (leukocytes)
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18
Q

The role of the Lymphatic system is…

A

to drain tissue fluid (lymph) and bring it back to the heart, to slow the spread of infection and to transport absorbed fats from the intestine

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19
Q

The Lymphatic system includes…

A
  • lymph
  • lymph vessels
  • lymph nodes
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20
Q

The role of the Respiratory system is…

A

to bring in oxygen and excrete carbon dioxide, and to regulate pH in the body

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21
Q

The Respiratory system includes…

A
  • nasal cavity
  • trachea
  • lungs
  • airways and gas exchange organs
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22
Q

The role of the Digestive system is…

A

to break down and absorb nutrients

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23
Q

The Digestive system includes…

A
  • oral cavity
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • intestines
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
  • bile duct
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24
Q

The role of the Urinary system is…

A

to produce, store and eliminate excess water, salts and waste products

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25
Q

The Urinary system includes…

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • bladder
  • urethra
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26
Q

The role of the Reproductive system is…

A

to control reproduction and sexual development

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27
Q

The Reproductive system includes…

A
  • sex organs
  • sex glands
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28
Q

Why is it important to understand that our organ systems work closely together?

A

Because if something is out-of-order, it’s probably affecting many different body processes

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29
Q

Organ systems are made up of…

A

organs

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30
Q

Organs are made out of…

A

two or more tissues

31
Q

Tissues are made up of…

A

large groups of similar cells that share common functions

32
Q

[Keyword] Organ

A

A self-contained part of the body that has a specific function

33
Q

[Keyword] Epithelial tissue

A

Thin tissue making up skin and lining of gastrointestinal, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts

34
Q

[Keyword] Endothelial tissue

A

Thin tissue that lines our cardiovascular system

35
Q

[Keyword] Connective tissue

A

Tissue that makes up structures such as our joints and fascia

36
Q

[Keyword] Fascia

A

A band or sheet of connective tissue that encloses and/or stabilizes other structures such as muscles

37
Q

[Keyword] Muscle tissue

A

Fibrous tissue that can contract and produce movement

38
Q

[Keyword] Nervous tissue

A

Tissue that makes up our brain, nerves and associated structures

39
Q

[Keyword] Adipose tissue

A

Fat tissue

40
Q

The two basic roles of cells are…

A

1) to get nutrients from the food we eat
2) to use those nutrients to build the raw materials and fuel to keep us alive

41
Q

[Keyword] Metabolism

A

The collection of cellular tasks and chemical reactions needed to sustain life

42
Q

Enterocytes, which line the small intestine, are shaped like ___ and their “bristles” are called ___

A

brushes
microvilli

43
Q

“Entero” is the Greek root for…

A

intestine

44
Q

“Hepatic” is the Greek root for…

A

liver

45
Q

“Gastric” is the Greek root for…

A

stomach

46
Q

“Cyte” is the Greek root for…

A

cell

47
Q

“Epi” is the Proto-Indo-European root for…

A

near or against

48
Q

Cells are made up of…

A

organelles

49
Q

[Keyword] Organelles

A

Membrane-bound structures that have specific jobs that help maintain the cell

50
Q

[Keyword] Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

A network of tube-like structures within a cell that is involved in protein and lipid synthesis

51
Q

[Keyword] Golgi Apparatus

A

A structure within a cell involved in the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production

52
Q

[Keyword] Mitochondria

A

A structure within a cell involved in the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production

53
Q

[Keyword] Macromolecules

A

Large groups of molecules

54
Q

[Keyword] Molecules

A

A group of atoms bonded together

55
Q

[Keyword] Atoms

A

The smallest, most basic unit of a chemical

56
Q

[Keyword] Plasma Membrane

A

The boundary of a cell

57
Q

[Keyword] Nucleus

A

An organelle that contains most of the genetic material of a cell

58
Q

[Keyword] Lysosome

A

An organelle that contains enzymes that break down substances

59
Q

[Keyword] Peroxisome

A

An organelle containing enzymes that help metabolize nutrients

60
Q

Eating too much saturated fat may cause the plasma membranes in our cells to…

A

become too rigid

61
Q

Eating too much polyunsaturated fat may cause the plasma membranes in our cells to…

A

become too fluid

62
Q

[Keyword] Phospholipids

A

Molecules with phosphate “heads” and fatty acid “tails”

63
Q

[Keyword] Hydrophilic

A

Water-loving, soluble in water

64
Q

[Keyword] Hydrophobic

A

Water-fearing, insoluble in water

65
Q

[Keyword] Saturated fat

A

A type of fat without double chemical bonds, most often from animals, that is typically solid at room temperature

66
Q

[Keyword] Trans fat

A

An unsaturated fatty acid with a particular chemical structure, most often occurring in manufactured products

67
Q

[Keyword] Monounsaturated fat

A

A type of fatty acid with one double bond

68
Q

[Keyword] Polyunsaturated fat

A

A type of fatty acid with more than one double bond, often liquid at room temperature

69
Q

Mitochondrial function is largely affected by…

A

how we live, what we eat, and what we do

70
Q

[Keyword] Enzymes

A

Substances that break down other substances, or stimulate chemical reactions

71
Q

[Keyword] Ribosomes

A

The protein factories of a cell

72
Q

[Keyword] Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

A messenger that carries instructions from DNA to make proteins

73
Q

[Keyword] Hormone

A

A chemical compound used to send messages and/or cause effects in tissues

Precision Nutrition Level 1 Certification (8 decks)

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