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Sociology > Chapter 7 - Social Control And Deviance > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Social Control And Deviance Flashcards

0
Q

Sanctions

A

Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms

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1
Q

Internalization of norms

A

Process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality; individual conforms to societies expectations

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2
Q

Positive sanctions

A

An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior

  • praise
  • good grades
  • pay raises
  • cheers from a crowd
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3
Q

Negative sanctions

A

Punishment or threat of punishment used to enforce conformity

  • most times the threat of punishment is enough
  • parking ticket, frown, imprisonment, death
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4
Q

Formal sanctions

A

Reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency

  • low grade, suspension, fired, fines
  • diploma, promotion, awards
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5
Q

Informal sanctions

A

Spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group
- frowns, gossip, insults, standing ovation, compliments, smilesm

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6
Q

Social control

A

Enforcing norms through internal or external means

  1. Principal means is self control
  2. Authority figures, police, courts, family, public opinion
  3. Social stability jeopardized by behavior that violates public norms
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7
Q

Deviance

A

Behavior that violates public norms

  • varies from society to society
  • labeling someone as deviant
  • –repeating an offense
  • –act has serious negative consequences
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8
Q

Labeling of deviance involves…

A
  1. Be detected committing a deviant act

2. Must be stigmatized by society

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9
Q

Stigma

A

Mark of social disgrace that sets them apart from the rest of society

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10
Q

Emile Durkheim said…

A

Deviance helps clarify norms, unify the group, diffuse tension and promote social change

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11
Q

What else does deviance do?

A
  1. Provides jobs in various fields (lawyers, law enforcement, judges)
  2. Defines boundaries of acceptable behavior
  3. Punishment of violators serves as warning to others
  4. Draws line between conforming members of society and “outsiders”
  5. Minor deviance allows people to vent
  6. Prompts social change by identifying problem areas
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12
Q

Functionalist perspective - strain theory

A

Robert K. Merton
Views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structures of society
1. Society places a high value on certain goals
2. People don’t have equal access to achieve goal
3. Anomie

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13
Q

Anomie

A

Situation that arise when the norms of society are unclear or see no longer applicable

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14
Q

Conformity

A

Accept society’s goals and means to achieve them

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15
Q

Innovation

A

Accept goals of society but do not accept the means for reaching those goals

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16
Q

Ritualism

A

Abandon societal goals while continuing to observe expected rules of behavior

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17
Q

Retreatism

A

Reject cultural goals and the acceptable means of attaining them
- may drop out of society

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18
Q

Rebellion

A

Want to substitute new goals and means for the approved set

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19
Q

Conflict perspective

A

Competition and social inequality lead to deviance

  1. People with power commit deviant acts to keep power
  2. People without power commit deviant acts to get power
20
Q

Richard Quinney

A

Ruling class declares anything that threatens their power as deviant

21
Q

Interactionist perspective - control theory

A

Deviance is a natural occurrence; look at WHY people conform

22
Q

Why do people conform?

A
  1. Social ties among individuals
  2. Individuals integrated into community will conform
  3. Travis Hirschi - people develop bonds in four ways
23
Q

Four ways people develop bonds

A
  • form attachment with others who accept norms
  • strong belief in society’s moral codes
  • show commitment to traditional societal values/goals
  • involved in nondeviant activities (time consuming)
24
Q

Cultural transmission theory

A

Behavior is learned through interaction with others

  • differential association
  • all people are conformists
25
Q

Differential association

A

Frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals

26
Q

Labeling theory

A

Focuses on how individuals were identified as deviant

  • primary deviance
  • secondary deviance
27
Q

Primary deviance

A

Occasional violation of norms

28
Q

Secondary deviance

A

Deviance is a lifestyle, labeled as deviant and believes the label

29
Q

Crime

A

Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority and is prohibited by law

30
Q

Violent crime

A
  • murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault
  • occurs every 22 seconds in US
  • most victims are African American; for murder it is African American men 18-24
  • majority of murders committed by people with guns
31
Q

Property crime

A
  • Involves stealing or intentionally damaging someone else’s property
  • burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), motor vehicle theft and arson
  • committed every 3 seconds in America
  • people under 25 commit a large part of the crimes
  • drug use/habits have strong correlation with crime rates
32
Q

Victimless crimes

A
  • prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use, vagrancy
  • supposedly harm no one other than themselves
33
Q

White collar crime

A
  • Offenses committed by people of high social status in the course of other profession
  • misrepresentation, fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement, price-fixing, toxic pollution, insider trading and political corruption
  • cost the U.S. more than $300 billion
  • not always dealt with equally
34
Q

Organized crime

A
  • crime syndicate

- many have legitimate business that they use as “front”

35
Q

Crime syndicate

A

Large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or legitimate business through violence or the threat of violence

36
Q

Police

A
  • hold most immediate control

- police discretion

37
Q

Police discretion

A

Power to decide who is actually arrested

38
Q

Factors to consider for police discretion

A
  • seriousness of offense
  • wishes of victim taken into consideration
  • suspect’s attitude
  • make arrest if bystanders are present
  • more likely to arrest and use force against African Americans (racial profiling)
39
Q

Courts

A
  • holds a trail to determine guilt
  • penalty phase
  • plea bargaining
40
Q

Plea bargaining

A

Legal negotiation that allows accused to plea guilty to a lesser charge

41
Q

Corrections

A

Sanctions used to punish a criminal

42
Q

Go four basic functions of corrections

A
  • retribution
  • deterrence
  • rehabilitation
  • social protection
43
Q

Retribution

A

Socially acceptable act of revenge for victim and society

44
Q

Deterrence

A

Discourage offenders from commiting future crimes

45
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Reform criminals so they could be law abiding citizens

46
Q

Social protection

A

Limiting freedom of offenders protects society

47
Q

Recidivism

A

Repeated criminal behavior (remains high)

48
Q

Juvenile Justice System

A
  • laws became more specific for juvenile offenders in the 1960s
  • juveniles could not be expected to be as responsible as adults
  • – juveniles needed special, more considerate treatment

Sociology (7 decks)

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