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Sociology > Chapter 4 - Socializing the Individual > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Socializing the Individual Flashcards

0
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children

  • provides you with biological needs but culture determines how you meet those needs
  • setting limits on individuals
  • — inherited characteristics limit what is possible
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1
Q

Personality

A

Behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values that characterize an individual

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2
Q

Nature Argument

INSTINCT

A

Unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern

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3
Q

Nurture argument

A

Behavior is a result of social environment and learning

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4
Q

Sociobiology

A

Systematic study of biological basis of all behavior

- all for nature

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5
Q

Aptitude

A

Capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a specific body of knowledge

  • environmental factors: parent responses encourage/discourage development of aptitude
  • parental reinforcement may effect traits such as shyness, sociability and aggression
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6
Q

First born

A

Achievement oriented, responsible, conservative in thinking and defenders of the status quo

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7
Q

Later-born

A

More affectionate, more friendly, risk-takers and social and intellectual rebels

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8
Q

Parental characteristics that affect child

A
  • age of parents when child is born
  • level of education
  • religious orientation
  • economic status
  • cultural heritage
  • occupational background
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9
Q

How the cultural environment affects the child

A
  • each culture gives rise to certain personality types (model personalities)
    U.S. = competitiveness, assertiveness, and individualism
  • gender differences
  • subcultural differences
  • region of country or type of neighborhood
  • influence of social environment
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10
Q

Situation of Anna

A
  • born to an unmarried mom
  • kept in an attic
  • given minimal care
  • undernourished and emancipated
  • no human contact
  • at 6 years- could not talk, walk, or feed herself
  • learned to walk, feed herself, brush her teeth, and talk in simple phrases
  • died at ten years of age
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11
Q

Situation of Isabelle

A
  • Found at same age as Anna: 6
  • kept in dark room with deaf mother
  • did not learn to speak
  • acted like an infant
  • began to speak after training
  • reached the level of her peers after two years
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12
Q

Situation of Genie

A
  • discovered in -1970- 13 years old
  • confined from age of 20 months to small bedroom
  • beaten if she made noise
  • father interacted by acting like an angry dog
  • did not learn to talk
  • had skills of 1 year old when found and could not stand straight
  • after 8 years for training, did not progress past a 3rd grade student
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13
Q

Institutionalization

A

1945 study by Rene Spits (children living in an orphanage)

  • given food and medical care
  • little human contact
  • 1/3 of children died within 2 years
  • survivors: less than 25% could walk or dress by themselves or use a spoon
  • 1 could speak in complete sentences
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14
Q

Socialization

A

Interactive process through which people learn up the basic skills, values, beliefs and behavior patterns of society

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15
Q

Self

A

Conscious awareness of possessing identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society

16
Q

John Locke

A

The Tabula Rasa

  • each child is born a “clean slate”
  • we are all born without a personality
  • acquire personality as a result of social experiences
  • could be molded into particular personality
17
Q

Charles Cooley

A

The Looking-Glass Self

  • interactionist perspective
    • an interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others
  • three step process
  • child is influenced by primary group
18
Q

Three step process of Charles Cooley

A
  1. ) we imagine how we appear to others
  2. ) we attempt to determine whether others view us as we view ourselves through their REACTIONS
  3. ) develop feelings about ourselves based on our perceptions
19
Q

George Meade

A

Role taking - take on or pretend to take on the role of others

20
Q

Two steps of role taking

A
  1. ) we internalize the expectations of people closest to us (significant others)
  2. ) expectations/attitudes of society guide us more
    - generalized others
21
Q

Generalized others

A

Attitudes, expectations and viewpoints of society

22
Q

Three step process of role taking

A
  1. ) imitation (under 3) - don’t have a sense of self; mimic actions
  2. ) play (ages 3-6) - play and act out roles of specific people; trying to see world through someone else’s eyes
  3. ) organized games (over 6 or7) - require children to take roles; anticipate the actions and expectations of others
23
Q

Parts of the self

A

“I” - unsocialized, spontaneous and self-interested component of personality

“Me” - aware of expectations and attitudes of society (socialized self)

24
Q

Erving Goffman

A

Dramaturgy

25
Q

Dramaturgy

A

Social interaction is like a drama being preformed on stage

26
Q

Impression management

A

An effort people make to play their roles and manage the impressions that the audience receives - we change our selves to impress others

27
Q

Albas and Albas study

A

College student’s reactions to exam scores were different depending on who they were with

28
Q

Who focused on how we create our self?

A

Cooley and Meade

29
Q

Who focused on how we changed our self depending on the audience?

A

Goffman

30
Q

Agents of socialization

A

Specific individuals, groups and institutions that enable socialization to take place

31
Q

Family as an agent of socialization

A
  • most important agent
  • socialization can be deliberate or unintended
  • – unintended may have a greater impact
  • may be different from family to family
  • – single parents, family relationships, subgroups they belong to, etc.
32
Q

Peer group as social agent

A
  • primary group composed of individuals of roughly the same age and similar characteristics
  • influential during pre-teen and early teen years
  • focus is the subculture of the group
33
Q

School as social agent

A
  • class activities=basic knowledge
  • extracurriculars=prepare for life in society
  • transmits cultural values
  • teachers become role models
34
Q

Mass media as social agent

A
  • instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact
  • television has the largest influence
  • – negatives:
    - effects of violence - leads to aggressiveness
    - presents image of society limited to white middle class
  • – positives:
    - educational tool
    - expand viewers world
35
Q

Re socialization

A

Break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms

36
Q

Voluntary resocialization

A

People who assume a new status

37
Q

Involuntary resocialization

A

Total institution

Try to change a person’s personality and behavior (remove a person’s identity

38
Q

Total institution

A

Setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a time and are subject to tight control

Sociology (7 decks)

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