Chapter 7 - Social Cognition and Attitudes Flashcards
Affective forecasting
Predicting how one will feel in the future after some event or decision.
Attitude
The psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor.
Automatic
A behavior or process that has one or more of the following features: unintentional, uncontrollable, occurring outside conscious awareness, and cognitively efficient.
Availability heuristic
A heuristic in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily instances of it come to mind.
Chameleon effect
The tendency for individuals to nonconsciously mimic the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one’s interaction partners.
Directional goals
The motivation to reach a particular outcome or judgment.
Durability bias
A bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates for how long one will feel an emotion (positive or negative) after some event.
Evaluative priming task
An implicit attitude task that assess the extent to which an attitude object is associated with a positive or negative valence by measuring the time it takes a person to label an adjective as good or bad after being presented with an attitude object.
Explicit attitude
An attitude that is consciously held and can be reported on by the person holding the attitude.
Heuristics
A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex mental problems to more simple rule-based decisions.
Hot cognition
The mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings.
Impact bias
A bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates that strength or intensity of emotion one will experience after some event.
Implicit Association Test
An implicit attitude task that assesses a person’s automatic associations between concepts by measuring the response times in pairing the concepts.
Implicit attitude
An attitude that a person cannot verbally or overtly state.
Implicit measures of attitudes
Measures of attitudes in which researchers infer the participant’s attitude rather than having the participant explicitly report it.
Mood-congruent memory
The tendency to be better able to recall memories that have a mood similar to our current mood.
Motivated skepticism
A form of bias that can result from having a directional goal in which one is skeptical of evidence despite its strength because it goes against what one wants to believe.
Need for closure
The desire to come to a decision that will resolve ambiguity and conclude an issue.
Planning fallacy
A cognitive bias in which one underestimates how long it will take to complete a task.
Primed
A process by which a concept or behavior is made more cognitively accessible or likely to occur through the presentation of an associated concept.
Representativeness heuristic
A heuristic in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one’s mental representation of the category.
Schema
A mental model or representation that organizes the important information about a thing, person, or event (also known as a script).
Social cognition
The study of how people think about the social world.
Stereotypes
Our general beliefs about the traits or behaviors shared by a group of people.
