Chapter 7 - Social Cognition and Attitudes

Question 1

Affective forecasting

Answer 1

Predicting how one will feel in the future after some event or decision.

Question 2

Attitude

Answer 2

The psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor.

Question 3

Automatic

Answer 3

A behavior or process that has one or more of the following features: unintentional, uncontrollable, occurring outside conscious awareness, and cognitively efficient.

Question 4

Availability heuristic

Answer 4

A heuristic in which the frequency or likelihood of an event is evaluated based on how easily instances of it come to mind.

Question 5

Chameleon effect

Answer 5

The tendency for individuals to nonconsciously mimic the postures, mannerisms, facial expressions, and other behaviors of one’s interaction partners.

Question 6

Directional goals

Answer 6

The motivation to reach a particular outcome or judgment.

Question 7

Durability bias

Answer 7

A bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates for how long one will feel an emotion (positive or negative) after some event.

Question 8

Evaluative priming task

Answer 8

An implicit attitude task that assess the extent to which an attitude object is associated with a positive or negative valence by measuring the time it takes a person to label an adjective as good or bad after being presented with an attitude object.

Question 9

Explicit attitude

Answer 9

An attitude that is consciously held and can be reported on by the person holding the attitude.

Question 10

Heuristics

Answer 10

A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex mental problems to more simple rule-based decisions.

Question 11

Hot cognition

Answer 11

The mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings.

Question 12

Impact bias

Answer 12

A bias in affective forecasting in which one overestimates that strength or intensity of emotion one will experience after some event.

Question 13

Implicit Association Test

Answer 13

An implicit attitude task that assesses a person’s automatic associations between concepts by measuring the response times in pairing the concepts.

Question 14

Implicit attitude

Answer 14

An attitude that a person cannot verbally or overtly state.

Question 15

Implicit measures of attitudes

Answer 15

Measures of attitudes in which researchers infer the participant’s attitude rather than having the participant explicitly report it.

Question 16

Mood-congruent memory

Answer 16

The tendency to be better able to recall memories that have a mood similar to our current mood.

Question 17

Motivated skepticism

Answer 17

A form of bias that can result from having a directional goal in which one is skeptical of evidence despite its strength because it goes against what one wants to believe.

Question 18

Need for closure

Answer 18

The desire to come to a decision that will resolve ambiguity and conclude an issue.

Question 19

Planning fallacy

Answer 19

A cognitive bias in which one underestimates how long it will take to complete a task.

Question 20

Primed

Answer 20

A process by which a concept or behavior is made more cognitively accessible or likely to occur through the presentation of an associated concept.

Question 21

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 21

A heuristic in which the likelihood of an object belonging to a category is evaluated based on the extent to which the object appears similar to one’s mental representation of the category.

Question 22

Schema

Answer 22

A mental model or representation that organizes the important information about a thing, person, or event (also known as a script).

Question 23

Social cognition

Answer 23

The study of how people think about the social world.

Question 24

Stereotypes

Answer 24

Our general beliefs about the traits or behaviors shared by a group of people.