Chapter 12 - Culture

Question 1

Collectivism

Answer 1

The cultural trend in which the primary unit of measurement is the group. Collectivists are likely to emphasize duty and obligation over personal aspirations.

Question 2

Cross-cultural psychology (or cross-cultural studies)

Answer 2

An approach to researching culture that emphasizes the use of standard scales as a means of making meaningful comparisons across groups.

Question 3

Cross-cultural studies (or cross-cultural psychology)

Answer 3

An approach to researching culture that emphasizes the use of standard scales as a means to making meaningful comparisons across groups.

Question 4

Cultural differences

Answer 4

An approach to understanding culture primarily by paying attention to unique and distinctive features that set them apart from other cultures.

Question 5

Cultural intelligence

Answer 5

The ability and willingness to apply cultural awareness to practical uses.

Question 6

Cultural psychology

Answer 6

An approach to researching culture that emphasizes the use of interviews and observation as a means of understanding culture from its own point of view.

Question 7

Cultural relativism

Answer 7

The principled objection to passing overly culture-bound (i.e., “ethnocentric”) judgements on aspects of other cultures.

Question 8

Cultural script

Answer 8

Learned guides for how to behave appropriately in a given social situation. These reflect cultural norms and widely accepted values.

Question 9

Cultural similarities

Answer 9

An approach to understanding culture primarily by paying attention to common features that are the same as or similar to those of other cultures.

Question 10

Culture

Answer 10

A pattern of shared meaning and behavior among a group of people that is passed from one generation to the next.

Question 11

Enculturation

Answer 11

The uniquely human form of learning that is taught by one generation to another.

Question 12

Ethnocentric bias (or ethnocentrism)

Answer 12

Being unduly guided by the beliefs of the culture you’ve grown up in, especially when this results in a misunderstanding or disparagement of unfamiliar cultures.

Question 13

Ethnographic studies

Answer 13

Research that emphasizes field data collection and that examines questions that attempt to understand culture from it’s own context and point of view.

Question 14

Independent self

Answer 14

The tendency to define the self in terms of stable traits that guide behavior.

Question 15

Individualism

Answer 15

The cultural trend in which the primary unit of measurement is the individual. Individualists are likely to emphasize uniqueness and personal aspirations over social duty.

Question 16

Interdependent self

Answer 16

The tendency to define the self in terms of social contexts that guide behavior.

Question 17

Observational learning

Answer 17

Learning by observing the behavior of others.

Question 18

Open ended questions

Answer 18

Research questions that ask participants to answer in their own words.

Question 19

Ritual

Answer 19

Rites or actions performed in a systematic or prescribed way often for an intended purpose. Example: The exchange of wedding rings during a marriage ceremony in many cultures.

Question 20

Self-construal

Answer 20

The extent to which the self is defined as independent or as relating to others.

Question 21

Situational identity

Answer 21

Being guided by different cultural influences in different situations, such as home versus workplace, or formal versus informal roles.

Question 22

Standard scale

Answer 22

Research method in which all participants use a common scale - typically a Likert scale - to respond to questions.

Question 23

Value judgment

Answer 23

An assessment - based on one’s own preferences and priorities - about the basic “goodness” or “badness” of a concept or practice.

Question 24

Value-free research

Answer 24

Research that is not influenced by the researchers’ own values, morality, or opinions.