Chapter 7 - Shipping and Environmental Impacts

Question 1

Marpol Annex I

Answer 1

Annex I is the regulations for the prevention of oil pollution by ships. Annex I describes the prevention of oil pollution from both operational and accidental discharge. It also states amendments for the new and existing ships to have double hull systems.

Question 2

Marpol Annex II

Answer 2

Annex II is the regulation for the control of pollution by noxious liquid substances in bulk form. Annex II states the discharge criterias and measures of noxious liquid substances in bulk form. The discharge is only allowed when certain conditions and concentrations are complied with.

Question 3

Marpol Annex III

Answer 3

Annex III is the regulation for the prevention of pollution by harmful substances by the sea in packaged form. Annex III states the general requirements for the issuing of detailed standards. E.g. Packing, Labelling and Stowage.

Question 4

Marpol Annex IV

Answer 4

Annex IV is the regulation for the prevention of pollution by sewage from ships.
Annex IV states the requirements to control sewage pollution. The discharge of sewage is prohibited unless the ship has a approved sewage treatment plant or when the ship is discharging comminuted and disinfected sewage.

Question 5

Marpol Annex V

Answer 5

Annex V is the regulation for the prevention of pollution by garbage from ships. Annex V states the different types of garbages and the distance from land where the garbage can be disposed. Most important part is the complete ban on all forms of plastic dispose into the seaa.

Question 6

Marpol Annex VI

Answer 6

Annex VI is the regulation for the prevention of air polluition from ships. Annex VI states the limits on SOx and NOx emissions from the exhaust of ships and prohibits emissions of ozone depleting substances.

Question 7

Common failures

Answer 7

Cargo overflow
Damage to cargo hose
Failure of hoses
Failure of pressure release valves, leading to explosion

Question 8

Discuss Operational and Accidental causes of marine oil pollution

Answer 8

Operational Causes:

1. Day to Day Operations, Ship to Ship transfer of fuel (STS) may cause a potential leak when dislodging the hose.
2. Defective Equipment such as a loose bunker hose connection may lead to leakage in oil.
3. Human Error such as not enforcing preventive measures or non-compliance to International Safety Management (ISM) code.

Accidental Causes:
Collision with another ship, Fire breakout during the voyage, Stranding.

Question 9

How dry bulk cargoes affects the environment

Answer 9

Dry bulk cargoes carried on bulkers enters into the marine environment at different various phases of its transport process. During loading, transhipment, unloading, and washing of cargo holds.

Question 10

HME Cargoes Disposal

Answer 10

HME should not be discharge at sea, but to port reception facilities

Question 11

How to handle cargoes if it’s HME?

Answer 11

Shippers are required to provide a cargo declaration under IMSBC Code, they are required to classify whether the cargo is HME or not, and declare in shipping documents.