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Physiology > Chapter 7 - Sensory Physiology > Flashcards

Chapter 7 - Sensory Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptor classes

A 
Thermoreceptors 
Nocioreceptors 
mechanoreceptors
Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Proprioreceptors
Special sense receptors
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2
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperature - cool and warm

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3
Q

Nocioreceptors

A

Respond to pain stimuli and tissue damage due to heat

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4
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Pressure and stretch

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5
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light - cons and rods

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6
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Smell and taste

Changes in pH and O2

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7
Q

Proprioreceptors

A

Changes in body position or muscle contraction

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8
Q

Special sense receptors

A

Hearing and equilibrium

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9
Q

Coding

A

Convert stimulus energy into signal that carries the sensory information to the CNS

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10
Q

Sensory unit

A

Single afferent neuron with all of its receptor endings

Less receptor endings = less tactile tough

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11
Q

Information needed to code a response

A

Stimulus type
Stimulus intensity
Stimulus location
Stimulus duration

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12
Q

Recruitment

A

Activation of one or more receptors

Stronger stimulus recruits more receptors

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13
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Sharpens the contrast of neighboring neurons

Helps to accurately locate stimulation source / location

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14
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Parietal lobe

Receives receptors from the skin muscles and tendons

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15
Q

Visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe

Receives eye receptors

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16
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Temporal lobe

Receives hearing receptors

17
Q

Olfactory cortex

A

Receives sensations for smell

18
Q

Taste cortex

A

Parietal lobe

Receives receptors for taste

19
Q

Cold sensing receptors

A

0-35 degrees C

Cation channels release Na ions that depolarize afferent neurons in response to cold

20
Q

Hot sensing receptors

A

35-50 degrees C

Cation channels release Na ions that depolarize neurons in response to warn temps

21
Q

Pain stimulus pathway

A

Pain stimulus -> afferent neuron -> substance P is released in CNA -> thalamus -> somatosensory cortex -> pain felt

Positive feedback

22
Q

Analgesic system

A

Suppression of pain

Axo axonic synapses releases an opiate NT which binds to pain axon terminal and blocks the release of substance P

23
Q

Exogenous morphine

A

Produced by pituitary gland and will act on the axon terminal to prevent release of substance P

24
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsighted

Eye too long

25
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsighted

Eye too short

26
Q

Rods

A

Black and white vision

27
Q

Cones

A

Color vision

28
Q

Unique characteristic of vision sensory cell

A

Rest (dark) cell is depolarized

Stimulus (light) cell is hyperpolarized

29
Q

Absence of light pathway

A

Guanylyl cyclase converts GTP into cGMP -> cGMP opens Na/Ca ion channels -> influx of Na and Ca causes depolarization

30
Q

Presence of light

A

Light reaches photopigment opsin -> travels through transducer which activates phosphodiesterase -> rapidly degrades cGMP -> Na and Ca ion channels close -> hyperpolarization

31
Q

Neural pathway vision

A

AP created by photoreceptor -> leave the eye via the optic nerve -> medial fibers cross at the optic chasm -> pass through lateral geniculate nucleus -> fibers travel to visual cortex

32
Q

Hearing pathway

A

Vibrations enter ear -> transmitted to the tympanic membrane -> mvmt of membrane caused mvmt of ossicles -> stapes moves against oval window -> ripples in cochlear fluid -> basal membranes moves in cochlea -> round window membrane moves -> tectorial membranes shift by moving direction of hair cells -> causes depolarization -> NT glutamate released -> AP to vestibulocochlear nerve

33
Q

Taste: salty

A

Triggered by Na+ ion

Depolarization inside gustatory cell -> opens Ca+ channels -> NT released

34
Q

Taste: sour

A

Triggered by H+ ions

Depolarization in gustatory cell -> Ca+ channel opens -> NT released

35
Q

Taste: sweet/savory

A

Gustaducin (g protein) activates a 2nd messenger -> depolarization of gustatory cell -> K+ ion channels close -> depolarization. -> NT released

36
Q

Taste: bitter

A

Gustaducin (g protein) activates 2nd messenger -> Ca released from endoplasmic reticulum -> Ca+ allows for NT release

37
Q

Smell pathway

A

Odorant binds to odorant receptor -> G proteins are activated -> ATP converts AMP in CAMP -> cAMP acts as a 2nd msgr to open Na and Ca ion channels -> depolarization occurs

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