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Physiology > Chapter 6 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Erasistratus

A

Father of physiology

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2
Q

William harvey

A

Demonstrated heart pumps through a system of closed vessels

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3
Q

Walter Cannon

A

Coined term homeostasis, ‘wisdom of the body’

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4
Q

August Krough

A

Krough principle - animals can be used to study human problems, comparative studies

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5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System - sections

A

Autonomic and somatic

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6
Q

Autonomic Nervous system

A

Part of PNS
Controls involuntary movement - smooth and cardiac muscle,glands, and GI neurons
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Two neuron chain b/w CNS and effector organ
Excitatory or inhibitory

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7
Q

Sympathetic

A

PNS - autonomic

Fight or flight

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8
Q

Parasympathetic

A

PNS - autonomic

Rest and digest

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9
Q

Somatic NS

A

Voluntary muscle movement except reflex arcs
Single neuron b/w CNS and skeletal muscle cells
Innervates skeletal muscle
Leads only to muscle excitation

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10
Q

Reflex arc steps

A

Stimulus - receptor - integrating center - effector - response

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11
Q

Central Nervous system

A

Brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Cell body

A

Contains nucleus and ribosomes

Receives and gathers all input from other neurons

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13
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives input increases surface area
Info in form of NT
Undergo graded potential

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14
Q

Axon

A

Carries output to a target cell

AP travel to axon terminal can release NT

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15
Q

Myelin

A 
Covers axon 
Highly modified plasma membrane 
Made of proteins
Increases speed of AP 
Produced in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells 
Insulator - less ion leakage 
Reduces metabolic costs (energy used)
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16
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

Gaps b/w myelin where axon plasma membrane is exposed to extracellular fluid
Decreases number of potential changes which adds to speed

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17
Q

Axon Motor proteins

A

Kinesin- anterograde
Dynein - retrograde
Connected to micro tumbles

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18
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Kinesin protein
Cell body to axon terminal
Mvmt of nutrients, NT, enzymes, mitochondria
NT housed in secretory vesicles

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19
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Dynein protein
Axon terminal to cell body
Mvmt of recycled membrane vesicles, growth factors

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20
Q

Afferent neurons / sensory neurons

A

Carries info from tissues and organs (sensory receptors) to CNS

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21
Q

Efferent neurons / motor neurons

A

Carries info from CNS out to effector cells

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22
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect neurons w/in the CNS

Most abundant

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23
Q

Nerve

A

Group of many nerve fibers traveling together in PNS

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24
Q

Nerve fiber

A

Axon of a neuron

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25
Q

Synapse

A

Junction b/w two neurons where electrical activity in one neuron influences excitability of second

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26
Q

Glial Cells

A 
Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes 
Microglia 
Ependymal cells
Schwann cells
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27
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Form myelin on axons in CNS

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28
Q

Astrocytes

A

Regulate composition of ECF in CNS
Remove K+ ions and NT around synapses
Help form BBB
Provide glucose to neurons

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29
Q

Microglia

A

Specialized macrophages that perform immune functions in CNS

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30
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Formation of cerebral spinal fluid
Line fluid filled cavities of brain and spinal cord
Makes up choroid plexus in third ventricle

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31
Q

Schwann cells

A

Produces myelin in PNS

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32
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

-70 mV
Established by Na+/K+ pump
Inside: K+, slightly negative
Outside: Na+, slightly positive

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33
Q

Sodium potassium pump

A

Creates and maintains electrical potential
3 Na out
2 K in
Uses up to 40% cell ATP

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34
Q

Leaky Channels

A

Only moves one type of ion

Maintains correct potential difference

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35
Q

Polarize

A

Outside of the cell have a different charge (RMP)

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36
Q

Depolarized

A

Potential becomes less negative / closer to 0

37
Q

Overshoot

A

Reverse of membrane potential

Inside become positive

38
Q

Repolarize

A

Membrane potential that has been depolarized

39
Q

Hyperpolarize

A

Potential is more negative than RMP

40
Q

Graded potential

A

Occurs in all cells
Confined to a really small region of membrane
Magnitude of potential change varies with stimulus strength
Decay overtime
Can be excitatory or inhibitory

41
Q

Action potential

A

Large alterations in memb. Potential -70 to +30 mV (larger than graded)
Always returns to RMP
Rapid: 1-4 sec.
Only in excitable membranes: muscle and nervous

42
Q

Sodium Voltage gated channels

A

Fast to respond to changes in memb.

Have inactivation gate (ball and chain)

43
Q

Potassium voltage gated channels

A

Slower - causing hyperpolerization

No inactivation gate leading to slowness

44
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

Membrane cannot produce another AP because Na+ channels are inactivated

45
Q

Relative refractory period

A

VG K+ channels are open making it harder to depolarize to threshold
2nd AP can occur but only if stimulus is strong enough

46
Q

How AP travels

A

Travels down axon if membrane is depolarized to threshold potential
Opening of Na+ channels
Can’t move backwards because membrane is in a refractory period

47
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

To leap

48
Q

Synapse

A

Anatomically specialized action b/w two neurons

100 trillion synapses in CNS

49
Q

Convergence

A

Many neurons communicate with one secondary neuron

50
Q

Divergence

A

One primary neuron communicates with many secondary neurons

51
Q

Electrical synapse

A

Plasma membrane of pre and post synaptic cells are joined by gap junctions
Continuing propagation of AP
EX cardiac and smooth muscle

52
Q

Chemical synapses

A

Chemical message in the form of NT is passed from the pre-synaptic neuron through the synaptic cleft to the post-synaptic neuron

53
Q

Two kinds of postsynaptic potential

A

Excitatory (EPSP) - depolarization, graded potential, + entering

Inhibitory (IPSP) - hyperpolarization, graded potentials at beginning stages, -ve charged ion going in

54
Q

Presynaptic proteins

A

Synaptotagmin

SNAREs

55
Q

Synaptotagmin

A

Binding site for Ca

56
Q

SNAREs

A

Keeps NT vesicles loosely attached to presynaptic memb.

57
Q

Postsynaptic receptors

A

Ionotropic

Metabotropic

58
Q

Ionotropic receptor

A

Ion channel postsynaptic receptors

59
Q

Metabotropic receptors

A

Act indirectly as postsynaptic ion channels through G proteins pro 2nd msgr. Channel

60
Q

Temporal summation

A

Two or more membrane potentials produced at different times are added together
Potential change is greater than that caused by single input

61
Q

Spatial summation

A

Two or more inputs occurring at the same time in different locations on the neuron are added together
Potential change greater than that caused by single input

62
Q

Axo-axonic synapse

A

Presynaptic synapse where an axon stimulates the presynaptic terminal of another axon

63
Q

Presynaptic inhibition

A

Inhibitory input to neurons through synapses at the nerve terminal

64
Q

Presynaptic facilitation

A

Excitatory input to neurons through the synapses at the nerve terminal

65
Q

Autoreceptors

A

Receptor on a cell affected by a chemical messenger released from the same cell

66
Q

Receptor desensitization

A

Temporary inability of a receptor to respond to its ligand due to prior ligand binding

67
Q

Types of neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine
Biogenic amines
Amino Acids
Neuropeptides

68
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Major NT in PNS at neuromuscular junction

69
Q

Cholinergic neurons

A

Neurons that release ACh

70
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Enzyme that degrades excess ACh

71
Q

Two types of ACh receptors

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

72
Q

Nicotinic receptor

A

Responds to ACh and nicotine

Ion channel for both Na and K

73
Q

Muscarinic Receptor

A

Responds to ACh and muscarine

Metabolic receptor coupled with g protein

74
Q

Parts of the brain

A

Forebrain: cerebrum and diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem

75
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Parietal, occipital, temporal, frontal

76
Q

Gray matter

A

Outermost

Mostly cell bodies

77
Q

White matter

A

Innermost

Mostly myelinated fibers

78
Q

Gyri

A

Raised ridges of cerebral cortex

79
Q

Sulcus

A

Intentions of cerebral cortex

80
Q

Thalamus

A

In forebrain - diencephalon

Plays a role in arousal and focused attention

81
Q

Hypothalamus

A

In forebrain - diencephalon
Master communication center / integration center
Important for neuronal ad endocrine coordination

82
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Important endocrine structure

83
Q

Limbic system functions

A 
Thalamus and hypothalamus:
Learning 
Emotions
Appetite
Sex
Endocrine integration
84
Q

Cerebellum

A

Important for controlling movements and posture and balance

85
Q

Parts of the Brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

86
Q

fn of brain stem

A

Relay center b/w forebrain, cerebellum, and spinal cord

87
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A

Semipermeable membrane barrier that separates circulating blood from brain extracellular fluid in the CNS

88
Q

Meninges of BBB

A

Pia mater - inner (next to brain)
Arachnoid mater - middle, web like
Dura mater - outermost

89
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

B/w pia mater and arachnoid mater
Filled with cerebral spinal fluid
CSF travels there from lateral ventricle were it is produced

Physiology (5 decks)

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