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Medical Terminology > Chapter 7: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: Respiratory System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cilia

A

any hairlike structure

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2
Q

mucous membrane

A

moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment; also called mucosa

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3
Q

serous membrane

A

thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa

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4
Q

olfactory neurons

A

receptors for the sense of smell

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5
Q

sections of the pharynx

A

nasopharynx (posterior to the nose), oropharynx (posterior to the mouth), laryngopharynx (superior to the larynx)

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6
Q

adenoids

A

pharyngeal tonsils

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7
Q

palatine tonsils

A

more commonly called the tonsils; protect the opening of the repiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt to enter by this route

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8
Q

larynx

A

voice box

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9
Q

mediastinum

A

space between the right and left lungs

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10
Q

serous membraine

A

the pleura; covers the loves of the lungs and folds over to line the walls of the thoracic cavity

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11
Q

visceral pleura

A

membrane lying closest to the lung

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12
Q

parietal pluera

A

the membrane lying closest to the thoracic cavity

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13
Q

pleural cavity

A

the space between the visceral and parietal plaurae; contains a small amount of lubricating fluid, which permits the visceral pleura to glide smoothly over the parietal pleura during breathing

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14
Q

pulmonary ventilation

A

more commonly called breathing, which is a largley involuntary action that moves air into and out of the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles

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15
Q

external respiration

A

the exhcange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries

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16
Q

internal repsiration

A

the exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries

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17
Q

sept/o

A

septum

sept/o/plasty: surgical repair of the septum

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18
Q

sinus/o

A

sinus, cavity

sinus/o/tomy: incision of any of the tissues

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19
Q

andenoid/o

A

adenoids

adenoid/ectomy: excision of adenoids

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20
Q

laryng/o

A

larynx (voice box)

laryng/o/plegia: paralysis of the vocal cords and larynx

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21
Q

trache/o

A

trachea (windpipe)

trache/o/plasty: surgical repair of the trachea

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22
Q

bronchi/o, bronch/o

A

bronchus (plural, bronchi)

bronchi/ectasis: dilation of (one or more) bronchi

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23
Q

bronchiol/o

A

bronchiole

bronchiol/itis: inflammation of the bronchioles

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24
Q

alveol/o

A

alveolus; air sac

alveol/ar: pertaining to the alveoli

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25
Q

pleur/o

A

pleura

pleur/o/centesis: surgical puncture of the pleural cavitiy

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26
Q

pneum/o, pneumon/o

A

air, lung

pneum/ectomy: excision of (all or part of) a lung

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27
Q

pulmon/o

A

lung

pulmonologist: specialist in the study and treatment of lungs and respiratory diseases

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28
Q

anthrac/o

A

coal, coal dust

anthrac/osos: abnormal condition of coal dust in the lungs

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29
Q

atel/o

A

incomplete; imperfect

atel/ectasis: incomplete expansion of the lung; also called airless or collapsed lung

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30
Q

coni/o

A

dust

pneum/o/coni/osis: condition of dust in the lungs

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31
Q

lob/o

A

lobe

lob/ectomy: excision of a lobe

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32
Q

orth/o

A

straight

orth/o/pnea: breathing in a straight (or upright position)

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33
Q

ox/i, ox/o

A

oxygen

ox/i/meter: instrument used for measuring oxygen

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34
Q

pector/o

A

chest

pector/algia: pain in the chest; also called thoracalgia

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35
Q

steth/o, thorac/o

A

chest

steth/o/scope: instrument used for examining the chest

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36
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm; mind

phren/o/spasm: involuntary contraction of the diaphragm

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37
Q

spir/o

A

breathe

spir/o/meter: instrument for measuring breathing

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38
Q

-capnia

A

carbon dioxide

hyper/capnia:excessive carbon dioxide

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39
Q

-osmia

A

smell

an/osmia: without (sense of) smell

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40
Q

-phonia

A

voice

dys/phonia: bad (impaired) voice quality

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41
Q

-ptysis

A

spitting

hemo/o/ptysis: (coughing up or) spitting of blood

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42
Q

-thorax

A

chest

py/o/thorax: pus in the chest (cavity)

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43
Q

common signs and symptoms of many respiratory disorders

A

cough (dry or productive), chest pain, altered breathing patterns, shortness of breath (SOB), cyanosis, and fever

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44
Q

chonric obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages; major disorders include asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema

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45
Q

emphysema

A

decreased elasticity of the alveoli; alveoli expand but unable to contract to their original size and air remains trapped (“barrel-chested”)

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46
Q

influenza

A

Type A associated with worldwide epidemics via virus; Type B usually limited geographically and less severe than type A; Type C is a mild flu (common)

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47
Q

myalgia

A

generalized muscle pain

48
Q

pleural effusion

A

any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity (the space between the visceral and parietal pleura)

49
Q

auscultation

A

the listening of sounds made by organs of the body using a stethoscope

50
Q

percussion

A

the gentle tapping the chest with the fingers and listening to the resulting sounds to determine the position, size, or consistency of the underlying structures

51
Q

transudate

A

a noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with slightly less protein; results from an imbalance in venous-arterial pressure or decrease of protein in blood; allo serum to leak from the vascular system and collect in the pleural space; common causes include left ventricular heart failure and liver disorders

52
Q

exudate

A

high in protein and often contains blood and immune cells; common causes include tumors, infections, and inflammation

53
Q

types of pleural effusions

A

hydrothorax (serum); empyema or pyothorax (pus), and hemothorax (blood)

54
Q

pneuomthorax

A

air in the pleural space, resulting in a partial or complete collapse of a lung; need thracocentesis or thoracentesis (surgical puncture of the chest) to correct

55
Q

TB development

A

TB organism enters the body (primary TB), develops slowly, then produces inflammatory nodules (granulomas) called tubercles, then dormant stage, immunocompromised. There are antibiotic resistant strains that are hard to cure

56
Q

pneumocystis carninii pneumonia (PCP)

A

opportunistic pneumonia that affects AIDS patients, from normal flora in the body

57
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

disorder of exorcrine glands that causes the body to secrete extremely thick mucus, which clogs the ducts of the pancreas and digestive tract (i.e. malnutrition); blocks sweat glands; blocks airways and impedes natural disease-fighting mechanisms, causing repeated infections

58
Q

acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A

condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient; the alveoli fill with fluid (edema) caused by inflammation, and then collapse, making oxygen exchange impossible.

59
Q

hyaline membrane disease (HMD)

A

a form of respiratory distress syndrome; most commonly seen in preterm infants or infants born to diabetic mothers; caused by insufficient surfactant, a phospholipid substance that helps keep alveoli open- they collapse and breathing becomes labored; membrane has ground-glass appearance in radiography, bilateral decrease in volume, and alveolar consolidation

60
Q

acidosis

A

excessive acidity of the body fluids

61
Q

anosmia

A

absence of the sense of smell

62
Q

apnea

A

temporary loss of breathin

63
Q

asphyxia

A

condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen

64
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of the lung

65
Q

cheyne-stokes respiration

A

repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth f respiration, first deeply, then shallow, then not at all

66
Q

compliance

A

ease with which lung tissue can be stretched

67
Q

coryza

A

head cold; upper respiratory infection (URI)

68
Q

crackle

A

abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli

69
Q

croup

A

common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages, and sometimes lungs

70
Q

deviated nasal septum

A

displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils

71
Q

epiglottitis

A

severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age

72
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

73
Q

finger clubbing

A

enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary disease

74
Q

hypoxemia

A

deficiency of oxygen in the blood

75
Q

hypoxia

A

deficiency of oxygen in tissues

76
Q

pertussis

A

acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a ‘whoop’ sound; also called whooping cough

77
Q

pleurisy

A

inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis

78
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust, iron dust, and asbestos

79
Q

pulmonary edema

A

accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure

80
Q

pulmonary embolus

A

blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria)

81
Q

rhonchus

A

abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation

82
Q

stridor

A

high-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway

83
Q

sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than a year old

84
Q

polysomnography

A

test of sleep cycles and stages using continous recordings of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement (electro-oculogram), respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and sometimes direct observation

85
Q

pulmonary function tests (PFTs)

A

multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane

86
Q

mediastinoscopy

A

visual examination of the mediastinal structures including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes

87
Q

arterial blood gas (ABG)

A

test that measures the partial pressure of oxygen, CO2, pH, and bicarb level of an arterial blood sample

88
Q

antral

A

irrigation of the antrum (maxillary sinues) in chronic or nonresponsibe sinusitis

89
Q

postural drainage

A

positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs

90
Q

AFB

A

acid-fast bacillus (TB organism)

91
Q

AP

A

anteroposterior

92
Q

ARDS

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

93
Q

CPAP

A

continuous positive airway pressure

94
Q

CPR

A

cardio pulmonary resuscitation

95
Q

CXR

A

chest x ray

96
Q

DPI

A

dry power inhaler

97
Q

DPT

A

diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus

98
Q

EEG

A

encephalogram

99
Q

FVC

A

forced vital capacity

100
Q

HMD

A

hyaline membrane disease

101
Q

Hx

A

history

102
Q

IPPB

A

intermittent positive pressure breathing

103
Q

IRDS

A

infant respiratory distress syndrome

104
Q

MDI

A

metered dose inhaler

105
Q

NMT

A

nebulized mist treatment

106
Q

PA

A

postanterior, pernicious anemia

107
Q

PCP

A

pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; primary physician

108
Q

PFT

A

pulmonary function test

109
Q

PND

A

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

110
Q

RD

A

respiratory distress

111
Q

RDS

A

respiratory distress syndrome

112
Q

SOB

A

shortness of breath

113
Q

T&A

A

tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy

114
Q

TPR

A

temperature, pulse, and respiration

115
Q

URI

A

upper respiratory infection

116
Q

VC

A

vital capacity

Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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