Chapter 7: Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
cilia
A
any hairlike structure
2
Q
mucous membrane
A
moist tissue layer lining hollow organs and cavities of the body that open to the environment; also called mucosa
3
Q
serous membrane
A
thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities, the cells of which secrete a fluid that keeps the membrane moist; also called serosa
4
Q
olfactory neurons
A
receptors for the sense of smell
5
Q
sections of the pharynx
A
nasopharynx (posterior to the nose), oropharynx (posterior to the mouth), laryngopharynx (superior to the larynx)
6
Q
adenoids
A
pharyngeal tonsils
7
Q
palatine tonsils
A
more commonly called the tonsils; protect the opening of the repiratory tract from microscopic organisms that may attempt to enter by this route
8
Q
larynx
A
voice box
9
Q
mediastinum
A
space between the right and left lungs
10
Q
serous membraine
A
the pleura; covers the loves of the lungs and folds over to line the walls of the thoracic cavity
11
Q
visceral pleura
A
membrane lying closest to the lung
12
Q
parietal pluera
A
the membrane lying closest to the thoracic cavity
13
Q
pleural cavity
A
the space between the visceral and parietal plaurae; contains a small amount of lubricating fluid, which permits the visceral pleura to glide smoothly over the parietal pleura during breathing
14
Q
pulmonary ventilation
A
more commonly called breathing, which is a largley involuntary action that moves air into and out of the lungs in response to changes in blood O2 and CO2 levels and nervous stimulation of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
15
Q
external respiration
A
the exhcange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood in the pulmonary capillaries
16
Q
internal repsiration
A
the exchange of O2 and CO2 between body cells and the blood in systemic capillaries
17
Q
sept/o
A
septum
sept/o/plasty: surgical repair of the septum
18
Q
sinus/o
A
sinus, cavity
sinus/o/tomy: incision of any of the tissues
19
Q
andenoid/o
A
adenoids
adenoid/ectomy: excision of adenoids
20
Q
laryng/o
A
larynx (voice box)
laryng/o/plegia: paralysis of the vocal cords and larynx
21
Q
trache/o
A
trachea (windpipe)
trache/o/plasty: surgical repair of the trachea
22
Q
bronchi/o, bronch/o
A
bronchus (plural, bronchi)
bronchi/ectasis: dilation of (one or more) bronchi
23
Q
bronchiol/o
A
bronchiole
bronchiol/itis: inflammation of the bronchioles
24
Q
alveol/o
A
alveolus; air sac
alveol/ar: pertaining to the alveoli
25
pleur/o
pleura
pleur/o/centesis: surgical puncture of the pleural cavitiy
26
pneum/o, pneumon/o
air, lung
pneum/ectomy: excision of (all or part of) a lung
27
pulmon/o
lung
pulmonologist: specialist in the study and treatment of lungs and respiratory diseases
28
anthrac/o
coal, coal dust
anthrac/osos: abnormal condition of coal dust in the lungs
29
atel/o
incomplete; imperfect
atel/ectasis: incomplete expansion of the lung; also called airless or collapsed lung
30
coni/o
dust
pneum/o/coni/osis: condition of dust in the lungs
31
lob/o
lobe
lob/ectomy: excision of a lobe
32
orth/o
straight
orth/o/pnea: breathing in a straight (or upright position)
33
ox/i, ox/o
oxygen
ox/i/meter: instrument used for measuring oxygen
34
pector/o
chest
pector/algia: pain in the chest; also called thoracalgia
35
steth/o, thorac/o
chest
steth/o/scope: instrument used for examining the chest
36
phren/o
diaphragm; mind
phren/o/spasm: involuntary contraction of the diaphragm
37
spir/o
breathe
spir/o/meter: instrument for measuring breathing
38
-capnia
carbon dioxide
hyper/capnia:excessive carbon dioxide
39
-osmia
smell
an/osmia: without (sense of) smell
40
-phonia
voice
dys/phonia: bad (impaired) voice quality
41
-ptysis
spitting
hemo/o/ptysis: (coughing up or) spitting of blood
42
-thorax
chest
py/o/thorax: pus in the chest (cavity)
43
common signs and symptoms of many respiratory disorders
cough (dry or productive), chest pain, altered breathing patterns, shortness of breath (SOB), cyanosis, and fever
44
chonric obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
respiratory disorders that produce a chronic partial obstruction of the air passages; major disorders include asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
45
emphysema
decreased elasticity of the alveoli; alveoli expand but unable to contract to their original size and air remains trapped ("barrel-chested")
46
influenza
Type A associated with worldwide epidemics via virus; Type B usually limited geographically and less severe than type A; Type C is a mild flu (common)
47
myalgia
generalized muscle pain
48
pleural effusion
any abnormal fluid in the pleural cavity (the space between the visceral and parietal pleura)
49
auscultation
the listening of sounds made by organs of the body using a stethoscope
50
percussion
the gentle tapping the chest with the fingers and listening to the resulting sounds to determine the position, size, or consistency of the underlying structures
51
transudate
a noninflammatory fluid that resembles serum but with slightly less protein; results from an imbalance in venous-arterial pressure or decrease of protein in blood; allo serum to leak from the vascular system and collect in the pleural space; common causes include left ventricular heart failure and liver disorders
52
exudate
high in protein and often contains blood and immune cells; common causes include tumors, infections, and inflammation
53
types of pleural effusions
hydrothorax (serum); empyema or pyothorax (pus), and hemothorax (blood)
54
pneuomthorax
air in the pleural space, resulting in a partial or complete collapse of a lung; need thracocentesis or thoracentesis (surgical puncture of the chest) to correct
55
TB development
TB organism enters the body (primary TB), develops slowly, then produces inflammatory nodules (granulomas) called tubercles, then dormant stage, immunocompromised. There are antibiotic resistant strains that are hard to cure
56
pneumocystis carninii pneumonia (PCP)
opportunistic pneumonia that affects AIDS patients, from normal flora in the body
57
cystic fibrosis
disorder of exorcrine glands that causes the body to secrete extremely thick mucus, which clogs the ducts of the pancreas and digestive tract (i.e. malnutrition); blocks sweat glands; blocks airways and impedes natural disease-fighting mechanisms, causing repeated infections
58
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
condition in which the lungs no longer function effectively, threatening the life of the patient; the alveoli fill with fluid (edema) caused by inflammation, and then collapse, making oxygen exchange impossible.
59
hyaline membrane disease (HMD)
a form of respiratory distress syndrome; most commonly seen in preterm infants or infants born to diabetic mothers; caused by insufficient surfactant, a phospholipid substance that helps keep alveoli open- they collapse and breathing becomes labored; membrane has ground-glass appearance in radiography, bilateral decrease in volume, and alveolar consolidation
60
acidosis
excessive acidity of the body fluids
61
anosmia
absence of the sense of smell
62
apnea
temporary loss of breathin
63
asphyxia
condition caused by insufficient intake of oxygen
64
atelectasis
collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affect all or part of the lung
65
cheyne-stokes respiration
repeated breathing pattern characterized by fluctuation in the depth f respiration, first deeply, then shallow, then not at all
66
compliance
ease with which lung tissue can be stretched
67
coryza
head cold; upper respiratory infection (URI)
68
crackle
abnormal respiratory sound heard on auscultation, caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli
69
croup
common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, bronchial passages, and sometimes lungs
70
deviated nasal septum
displacement of cartilage dividing the nostrils
71
epiglottitis
severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between 2 and 12 years of age
72
epistaxis
nosebleed
73
finger clubbing
enlargement of the terminal phalanges of the fingers and toes, commonly associated with pulmonary disease
74
hypoxemia
deficiency of oxygen in the blood
75
hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen in tissues
76
pertussis
acute infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a 'whoop' sound; also called whooping cough
77
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing; also called pleuritis
78
pneumoconiosis
disease caused by inhaling dust particles, including coal dust, iron dust, and asbestos
79
pulmonary edema
accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, caused most commonly by heart failure
80
pulmonary embolus
blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria)
81
rhonchus
abnormal breath sound heard on auscultation
82
stridor
high-pitched, harsh, adventitious breath sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway
83
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than a year old
84
polysomnography
test of sleep cycles and stages using continous recordings of brain waves (EEGs), electrical activity of muscles, eye movement (electro-oculogram), respiratory rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen saturation, heart rhythm and sometimes direct observation
85
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
multiple tests used to evaluate the ability of the lungs to take in and expel air as well as perform gas exchange across the alveolocapillary membrane
86
mediastinoscopy
visual examination of the mediastinal structures including the heart, trachea, esophagus, bronchus, thymus, and lymph nodes
87
arterial blood gas (ABG)
test that measures the partial pressure of oxygen, CO2, pH, and bicarb level of an arterial blood sample
88
antral
irrigation of the antrum (maxillary sinues) in chronic or nonresponsibe sinusitis
89
postural drainage
positioning a patient so that gravity aids in the drainage of secretions from the bronchi and lobes of the lungs
90
AFB
acid-fast bacillus (TB organism)
91
AP
anteroposterior
92
ARDS
acute respiratory distress syndrome
93
CPAP
continuous positive airway pressure
94
CPR
cardio pulmonary resuscitation
95
CXR
chest x ray
96
DPI
dry power inhaler
97
DPT
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus
98
EEG
encephalogram
99
FVC
forced vital capacity
100
HMD
hyaline membrane disease
101
Hx
history
102
IPPB
intermittent positive pressure breathing
103
IRDS
infant respiratory distress syndrome
104
MDI
metered dose inhaler
105
NMT
nebulized mist treatment
106
PA
postanterior, pernicious anemia
107
PCP
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; primary physician
108
PFT
pulmonary function test
109
PND
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
110
RD
respiratory distress
111
RDS
respiratory distress syndrome
112
SOB
shortness of breath
113
T&A
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
114
TPR
temperature, pulse, and respiration
115
URI
upper respiratory infection
116
VC
vital capacity
