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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

integumentary sytem

A

the skin with its accessory organs (hair, nails, and glands)

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2
Q

functions of the skin

A

protects underlying structures from injury and provides sensory information to the brain. Registers sensations of temperature, pain, and pressure. Protects body against UV rays, regulates body temp and prevents dehydration. Acts as reservoir for food and water. Synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.

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3
Q

epidermis

A

the outer layer of the skin. composed of several sublayers called strata. Stratum corneum and basal layer are most important.

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4
Q

stratum corneum

A

composed of dead flat cells that lack blood supply and sensory receptors.

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5
Q

basal layer

A

the only layer of the epidermis that is composed of living cells where new cells are formed

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6
Q

keratin

A

hard protein formed when basal cells die and move towards the stratum corneum. Waterproof- prevents body fluids from evaporating and moisture from entering the body

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7
Q

dermis

A

second layer of the skin. Lies directly beneath the epidermis. Composed of living tissue and contains numerous capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings. Also contain hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.

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8
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

also called the hypodermis; binds the dermis to underlying structures; composed of loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue interlaced with blood vessels; stores fats, insulates and cushions the body, and regulates temperature

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9
Q

androgen

A

generic term for an agent (usually a hormone) that stimulates development of male characteristics

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10
Q

two important glands located in the dermis that produce secretions

A

sudoriferous (sweat) glands and sebaceous (oil) glands. Both classified as exocrine glands because they secrete substances through ducts to an outer surface of the body rather than directly into the blood stream.

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11
Q

hair shaft

A

the visible part of the hair

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12
Q

hair root

A

the part that is embedded in the dermis

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13
Q

hair follicle

A

the root, together with its coverings

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14
Q

papilla

A

a loop of capillaries enclosed in a covering at the bottom of the hair follicle. The cluster of epithelial cells lying over the papilla reproduces and is responsible for the eventual formation of the hair shaft; as long as these cells remain alive, hair will regenerate

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15
Q

main function of the skin in blood, lymph, and immune systems

A

skin is the first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens in the body

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16
Q

main function of the skin in cardiovascular system

A

cutaneous blood vessels dilate and constrict to help regulate body temperature

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17
Q

main function of the skin in digestive system

A

skin absorbs vitamin D needed for intestinal absorption of calcium; excess calories are stored in subcutaneous fat

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18
Q

main function of the skin in endocrine system

A

subcutaneous layer of the skin stores adipose tissue when insulin secretions cause excess carbohydrate intake to fat storage

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19
Q

main function of the skin in female reproductive system

A

subcutaneous receptors provide pleasureable sensations associated with sexual behavior; skin stretches to accommodate the growing fetus during pregnancy

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20
Q

main function of the skin in genitourinary system

A

receptors in the skin respond to sexual stimuli; skin provides an alternative route for excreting salts and nitrogenous wastes in the form of perspiration

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21
Q

main function of the skin in musculoskeletal system

A

skin synthesizes vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium essential for muscle contraction; skin also synthesizes vitamin D needed for growth, repair, and maintenance of bones

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22
Q

main function of the skin in nervous system

A

cutaneous receptors detect stimuli related to touch, pain, pressure, and temperature

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23
Q

main function of the skin in respiratory system

A

skin temperature may influence respiratory rate; as temperature increases, respiratory rate may also increase; hairs of the nasal cavity filter particles from inspired air before it reaches the lower respiratory tract

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24
Q

nail composed of:

A

keratinized stratified suqamous epithelial cells producing a very tough covering (formed in the nail root)

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25
Q

nail bed

A

layer epithelium where the growing nail stays attached and slides forward

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26
Q

lunula

A

half moon shape at the base of the nail; the region where new growth occurs; vascular tissue underneath does not show through

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27
Q

adip/p

A

fat

adip/osis: abnormal condition of fat

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28
Q

lip/o

A

fat

lip/o/cele: hernia containing fat

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29
Q

steat/o

A

skin

steat/itis: inflammation of fatty (adipose) tissue

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30
Q

cautane/o

A

skin

sub/cutane/ous: pertaining to beneath the skin

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31
Q

dermat/o

A

skin

dermat/o/plasty: surgical repair of the skin

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32
Q

derm/o

A

skin

hypo/derm/ic: pertaining to under the skin

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33
Q

hidr/o

A

sweat

hidr/aden/itis: inflammation of the sweat glands

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34
Q

sudor/o

A

sweat

sudor/esis: profuse sweating

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35
Q

ichthy/o

A

dry, scaly

ichthy/osis: abnormal condition of dry or scaly skin

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36
Q

kerat/o

A

horny tissue; hard; cornea

kerat/osis: abnormal condition of horny tissue

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37
Q

melan/o

A

black

melan/oma: black tumor

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38
Q

myc/o

A

fungus

dermat/o/myc/osis: fungal infection of the skin

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39
Q

onych/o

A

nail

onych/o/malacia: softening of the nails

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40
Q

ungu/o

A

nail

ungu/al: pertaining to the nails

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41
Q

pil/o

A

hair

pil/o/nid/al: pertaining to hair in a nest

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42
Q

trich/o

A

hair

trich/o/pathy: disease involving the hair

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43
Q

scler/o

A

hardening; sclera (white of eye)

scler/o/derma: hardening of the skin

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44
Q

seb/o

A

sebum, sebaceous

seb/o/rrhea: discharge of sebum

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45
Q

squam/o

A

scale

squam/ous: pertaining to scales (or covered with scales)

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46
Q

xen/o

A

foreign, strange

xen/o/graft: skin transplantation from a foreign donor (usually a pig) for a human; also called a heterograft

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47
Q

-derma

A

skin

py/o/derma: pus in the skin

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48
Q

lesions

A

areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection. May be localized or systemic.. Primary skin lesions = initial rxn to pathologically alterned tissue and may be flat or elevated. Secondary skin lesions = changes to primary lesions due to infection, scratching, trauma, etc.

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49
Q

primary lesions: flat lesions: macule

A

flat, pigmented, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter (freckle, flat mole, or rash)

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50
Q

types of solid elevated lesions

A

papule, nodule, tumor, wheal

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51
Q

papule

A

solid, elevated lesion less than 1 cm in diameter that may be the same color as the skin or pigmented. Examples: nevus, wart, pimple, ringworm, psoriasis, eczema

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52
Q

nodule

A

palpable, circumscribed lesions; larger and deeper than a papule; extends into the dermal area. Examples: intradermal nevus, benign or malignant tumor

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53
Q

tumor

A

solid elevated lesions larger than 2 cm in diameter that extends into the dermal and subcutaneous layers. Examples: lipoma, steatoma, dermofibroma, hemangionma

54
Q

wheal

A

elevated, firm, rounded lesion with localized skin edema that varies in size, shape, and color; paler in the center than its surrounding edges; accompanied by itching. Examples: hives, insect bites

55
Q

types of fluid-filled elevated lesions

A

vesicle, pustule, bulla

56
Q

vesicle

A

elevated, circumscribe, fluid-filled lesion less than .5 cm in diameter. examples: poison ivy, shingles

57
Q

pustule

A

small, raised, circumscribed lesion that contains pus; usually less than 1 cm in diameter. examples: acne, furuncle, pustular psoriasis, scabies

58
Q

bulla

A

a vesicle or blister larger than 1 cm in diameter. examples: second degree burns, severe poison oak

59
Q

secondary lesions: depressed lesions

A

excorations, fissures, ulcers

60
Q

excoriations

A

linear scratch marks or traumatized abrasions of the epidermis. examples: scratches, abrasions, checmial or thermal burns

61
Q

fissue

A

small slit of crack like sore that extends into the dermal layer; could be cause by continuous inflammation and drying

62
Q

ulcer

A

an open sore or lesion that extends to the dermis and usually heals with scarring. examples: pressure sore, basal cell carcinoma

63
Q

first-degree (superficial) burns

A

the least serious; only injure epidermis/top layer; only local effects like skin redness (erythema) and acute sensitivity to sensory stimuli (hyperesthesia)

64
Q

second-degree (partial thickness) burns

A

deep burns that damage both the epidermis and part of the dermis; may be caused by contact with flames, hot liquids, or chemicals; symptoms of first degree burns but fluid filled blisters(vesicles or bullae) form; heal with little or no scarring

65
Q

third-degree (full-thickness) burns

A

epidermis and dermis destroyed and some of underlying connective tissue is damaged, leaving the skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch; may also damage underlying bones, muscles, and tendons; ulcertaing wounds develop and the body attempts to heal itself by forming scar tissue; skin grafts (dermatoplasty) commonly required

66
Q

Rule of Nines

A

assigns 9% or 18% of surface areas to specific regions to assign treatment/fluids; adjusted for infants and children

67
Q

neoplasms

A

abnormal growths of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant

68
Q

benign neoplasms

A

noncancerous growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing

69
Q

malignant neoplasms

A

composed of cells that are invasive and spread to remote regions of the body; presence of malignant growth classified as cancer

70
Q

cancer (CA) treatment

A

surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy

71
Q

immotherapy (biotherapy)

A

stimulates the body’s own immune defenses to fight tumor cells

72
Q

combined modality treatment

A

multi faceted cancer treatment

73
Q

tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system

A

system of staging used to identify the invasiveness of the malignant tumor

74
Q

grade I tumor

A

tumor cells well differentiated; close resemblance to tissue of origin, thus retaining some specialized functions

75
Q

grade II tumor

A

tumor cells moderately differentiated; less resemblance to tissue of origin; more variation in size and shape of tumor cells; increased mitoses

76
Q

grade III tumor

A

tumor cells poorly/very poorly differentiated; only remotely resembles tissue of origin; marked variation in shape and size of tumor cells; greatly increased mitoses

77
Q

grade IV tumor

A

tumor cells very poorly differentiated; little or no resemblance to tissue of origin; extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells

78
Q

TNM system basic criteria

A 
T = size and invasiveness of the primary tumor
N = nodal involvement
M = spreading of the primary tumor to remote regions of the body (metastasis)
79
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

most common type of skin cancer; malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis, or hair follicles; tumors locally invasive but rarely metastasize; tumors grow slowly and commonly ulcerate as they increase in size and develop crusting that is firm to the touch (could potentially/rarely destroy ear/nose/eyelid); treatment may include curettage and electrodessication, chemo, surgical excision, irradiation,or chemosurgery

80
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing) of epidermal cells; invasive tumor with potential for metastasis;

81
Q

predisposing factors for squamous cell carcinoma

A

radiation therapy, carcinogen exposure,hereditary diseases such as xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism, and presence of premalignant lesions (such as actinic keratosis or Bowen disease)

82
Q

two types of squamous cell carcinoma

A

in situ (confined to original site) or invasive (penetrate the surrounding tissue)

83
Q

malignant melanoma

A

a neoplasm composed of abnormal melanocytes that commonly begin in a darkly pigmented mole

84
Q

T0

A

no evidence of tumor

85
Q

Tis Stage I

A

carcinoma in situ indicates the tumor is in a defined location and shows no invasion into surrounding tissues

86
Q

T1, T2, T3, T4 Stage II

A

primary tumor size and extent of local invasion, where T1 is small with minimal invasion and T4 is large is large with extensive local invasion into surrounding organs and tissues

87
Q

N0

A

regional lymph nodes show no abnormalities

88
Q

N1, N2, N3, N4 Stage III

A

Degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes where N1 is less involvement with minimal spreading and N4 is more involvement with extensive spreading

89
Q

M0

A

No evidence of metastasis

90
Q

M1 Stage IV

A

Indicated metastasis

91
Q

abscess

A

localized collection of pus at the site of an infection

92
Q

acne

A

inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, nodules, and cysts; usually associated with seborrhea

93
Q

alopecia

A

partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease

94
Q

Bown disease

A

form of intraepidermal carcinoma (squamous cell) characterized by red-brown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis

95
Q

cellulitis

A

diffuse (widespread) acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue

96
Q

chloasma

A

pigmentary skin discoloration usually ocurring in yellowish brown patches or spots

97
Q

comedo

A

tpyical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin

98
Q

dermatomycosis

A

infection of the skin caused by fungi

99
Q

ecchymosis

A

bruise

100
Q

erthema

A

redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries

101
Q

eschar

A

damaged tissue following a severe burn

102
Q

impetigo

A

bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture

103
Q

keratosis

A

thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as callus or wart)

104
Q

lentigo

A

small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle aged or older person

105
Q

pediculosis

A

infestation with lice

106
Q

petechia

A

minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin

107
Q

pressure ulcer

A

skin ulceration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in bedridden patients

108
Q

pruritus

A

intense itching

109
Q

psoriasis

A

chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis

110
Q

purpura

A

any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses o peteciae

111
Q

scabies

A

contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact

112
Q

tinea

A

fungal skin infection whoe name commonly indicates the body part infected; also called ringworm

113
Q

urticaria

A

allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives

114
Q

verrcua

A

epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as warts; types include plantar warts, juvenile warts, and venereal warts

115
Q

vitiligo

A

localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches

116
Q

chemical peel

A

chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses

117
Q

debridement

A

removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents; used to promote healing and prevent infection

118
Q

dermabrasion

A

rubbing using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away the epidermis

119
Q

fulguration

A

tissue destruction by means of high frequency electric current

120
Q

cryosurgery

A

subfreezing temp to destroy/eliminate abnormal tissue

121
Q

antifungals

A

alter the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death; nystatin or itraconazole

122
Q

antihistamines

A

inhibit allergic rxns of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine; dipenhydramine or loratadine

123
Q

BCC

A

basal cell carcinoma

124
Q

CA

A

cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest

125
Q

decub

A

decubitus (ulcer)

126
Q

derm

A

dermatology

127
Q

IMP

A

impression (diagnosis)

128
Q

subcu, Sub-Q, subQ

A

subcutaneous (injection)

129
Q

ung

A

ointment

130
Q

XP, XDP

A

xeroderma pigmentosum

Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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