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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5: Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

integumentary sytem

A

the skin with its accessory organs (hair, nails, and glands)

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2
Q

functions of the skin

A

protects underlying structures from injury and provides sensory information to the brain. Registers sensations of temperature, pain, and pressure. Protects body against UV rays, regulates body temp and prevents dehydration. Acts as reservoir for food and water. Synthesizes vitamin D when exposed to sunlight.

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3
Q

epidermis

A

the outer layer of the skin. composed of several sublayers called strata. Stratum corneum and basal layer are most important.

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4
Q

stratum corneum

A

composed of dead flat cells that lack blood supply and sensory receptors.

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5
Q

basal layer

A

the only layer of the epidermis that is composed of living cells where new cells are formed

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6
Q

keratin

A

hard protein formed when basal cells die and move towards the stratum corneum. Waterproof- prevents body fluids from evaporating and moisture from entering the body

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7
Q

dermis

A

second layer of the skin. Lies directly beneath the epidermis. Composed of living tissue and contains numerous capillaries, lymphatic vessels, and nerve endings. Also contain hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.

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8
Q

subcutaneous layer

A

also called the hypodermis; binds the dermis to underlying structures; composed of loose connective tissue and adipose (fat) tissue interlaced with blood vessels; stores fats, insulates and cushions the body, and regulates temperature

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9
Q

androgen

A

generic term for an agent (usually a hormone) that stimulates development of male characteristics

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10
Q

two important glands located in the dermis that produce secretions

A

sudoriferous (sweat) glands and sebaceous (oil) glands. Both classified as exocrine glands because they secrete substances through ducts to an outer surface of the body rather than directly into the blood stream.

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11
Q

hair shaft

A

the visible part of the hair

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12
Q

hair root

A

the part that is embedded in the dermis

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13
Q

hair follicle

A

the root, together with its coverings

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14
Q

papilla

A

a loop of capillaries enclosed in a covering at the bottom of the hair follicle. The cluster of epithelial cells lying over the papilla reproduces and is responsible for the eventual formation of the hair shaft; as long as these cells remain alive, hair will regenerate

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15
Q

main function of the skin in blood, lymph, and immune systems

A

skin is the first line of defense against the invasion of pathogens in the body

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16
Q

main function of the skin in cardiovascular system

A

cutaneous blood vessels dilate and constrict to help regulate body temperature

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17
Q

main function of the skin in digestive system

A

skin absorbs vitamin D needed for intestinal absorption of calcium; excess calories are stored in subcutaneous fat

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18
Q

main function of the skin in endocrine system

A

subcutaneous layer of the skin stores adipose tissue when insulin secretions cause excess carbohydrate intake to fat storage

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19
Q

main function of the skin in female reproductive system

A

subcutaneous receptors provide pleasureable sensations associated with sexual behavior; skin stretches to accommodate the growing fetus during pregnancy

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20
Q

main function of the skin in genitourinary system

A

receptors in the skin respond to sexual stimuli; skin provides an alternative route for excreting salts and nitrogenous wastes in the form of perspiration

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21
Q

main function of the skin in musculoskeletal system

A

skin synthesizes vitamin D needed for absorption of calcium essential for muscle contraction; skin also synthesizes vitamin D needed for growth, repair, and maintenance of bones

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22
Q

main function of the skin in nervous system

A

cutaneous receptors detect stimuli related to touch, pain, pressure, and temperature

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23
Q

main function of the skin in respiratory system

A

skin temperature may influence respiratory rate; as temperature increases, respiratory rate may also increase; hairs of the nasal cavity filter particles from inspired air before it reaches the lower respiratory tract

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24
Q

nail composed of:

A

keratinized stratified suqamous epithelial cells producing a very tough covering (formed in the nail root)

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25
nail bed
layer epithelium where the growing nail stays attached and slides forward
26
lunula
half moon shape at the base of the nail; the region where new growth occurs; vascular tissue underneath does not show through
27
adip/p
fat adip/osis: abnormal condition of fat
28
lip/o
fat lip/o/cele: hernia containing fat
29
steat/o
skin steat/itis: inflammation of fatty (adipose) tissue
30
cautane/o
skin sub/cutane/ous: pertaining to beneath the skin
31
dermat/o
skin dermat/o/plasty: surgical repair of the skin
32
derm/o
skin hypo/derm/ic: pertaining to under the skin
33
hidr/o
sweat hidr/aden/itis: inflammation of the sweat glands
34
sudor/o
sweat sudor/esis: profuse sweating
35
ichthy/o
dry, scaly ichthy/osis: abnormal condition of dry or scaly skin
36
kerat/o
horny tissue; hard; cornea kerat/osis: abnormal condition of horny tissue
37
melan/o
black melan/oma: black tumor
38
myc/o
fungus dermat/o/myc/osis: fungal infection of the skin
39
onych/o
nail onych/o/malacia: softening of the nails
40
ungu/o
nail ungu/al: pertaining to the nails
41
pil/o
hair pil/o/nid/al: pertaining to hair in a nest
42
trich/o
hair trich/o/pathy: disease involving the hair
43
scler/o
hardening; sclera (white of eye) scler/o/derma: hardening of the skin
44
seb/o
sebum, sebaceous seb/o/rrhea: discharge of sebum
45
squam/o
scale squam/ous: pertaining to scales (or covered with scales)
46
xen/o
foreign, strange xen/o/graft: skin transplantation from a foreign donor (usually a pig) for a human; also called a heterograft
47
-derma
skin py/o/derma: pus in the skin
48
lesions
areas of tissue that have been pathologically altered by injury, wound, or infection. May be localized or systemic.. Primary skin lesions = initial rxn to pathologically alterned tissue and may be flat or elevated. Secondary skin lesions = changes to primary lesions due to infection, scratching, trauma, etc.
49
primary lesions: flat lesions: macule
flat, pigmented, circumscribed area less than 1 cm in diameter (freckle, flat mole, or rash)
50
types of solid elevated lesions
papule, nodule, tumor, wheal
51
papule
solid, elevated lesion less than 1 cm in diameter that may be the same color as the skin or pigmented. Examples: nevus, wart, pimple, ringworm, psoriasis, eczema
52
nodule
palpable, circumscribed lesions; larger and deeper than a papule; extends into the dermal area. Examples: intradermal nevus, benign or malignant tumor
53
tumor
solid elevated lesions larger than 2 cm in diameter that extends into the dermal and subcutaneous layers. Examples: lipoma, steatoma, dermofibroma, hemangionma
54
wheal
elevated, firm, rounded lesion with localized skin edema that varies in size, shape, and color; paler in the center than its surrounding edges; accompanied by itching. Examples: hives, insect bites
55
types of fluid-filled elevated lesions
vesicle, pustule, bulla
56
vesicle
elevated, circumscribe, fluid-filled lesion less than .5 cm in diameter. examples: poison ivy, shingles
57
pustule
small, raised, circumscribed lesion that contains pus; usually less than 1 cm in diameter. examples: acne, furuncle, pustular psoriasis, scabies
58
bulla
a vesicle or blister larger than 1 cm in diameter. examples: second degree burns, severe poison oak
59
secondary lesions: depressed lesions
excorations, fissures, ulcers
60
excoriations
linear scratch marks or traumatized abrasions of the epidermis. examples: scratches, abrasions, checmial or thermal burns
61
fissue
small slit of crack like sore that extends into the dermal layer; could be cause by continuous inflammation and drying
62
ulcer
an open sore or lesion that extends to the dermis and usually heals with scarring. examples: pressure sore, basal cell carcinoma
63
first-degree (superficial) burns
the least serious; only injure epidermis/top layer; only local effects like skin redness (erythema) and acute sensitivity to sensory stimuli (hyperesthesia)
64
second-degree (partial thickness) burns
deep burns that damage both the epidermis and part of the dermis; may be caused by contact with flames, hot liquids, or chemicals; symptoms of first degree burns but fluid filled blisters(vesicles or bullae) form; heal with little or no scarring
65
third-degree (full-thickness) burns
epidermis and dermis destroyed and some of underlying connective tissue is damaged, leaving the skin waxy and charred with insensitivity to touch; may also damage underlying bones, muscles, and tendons; ulcertaing wounds develop and the body attempts to heal itself by forming scar tissue; skin grafts (dermatoplasty) commonly required
66
Rule of Nines
assigns 9% or 18% of surface areas to specific regions to assign treatment/fluids; adjusted for infants and children
67
neoplasms
abnormal growths of new tissue that are classified as benign or malignant
68
benign neoplasms
noncancerous growths composed of the same type of cells as the tissue in which they are growing
69
malignant neoplasms
composed of cells that are invasive and spread to remote regions of the body; presence of malignant growth classified as cancer
70
cancer (CA) treatment
surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy
71
immotherapy (biotherapy)
stimulates the body's own immune defenses to fight tumor cells
72
combined modality treatment
multi faceted cancer treatment
73
tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system
system of staging used to identify the invasiveness of the malignant tumor
74
grade I tumor
tumor cells well differentiated; close resemblance to tissue of origin, thus retaining some specialized functions
75
grade II tumor
tumor cells moderately differentiated; less resemblance to tissue of origin; more variation in size and shape of tumor cells; increased mitoses
76
grade III tumor
tumor cells poorly/very poorly differentiated; only remotely resembles tissue of origin; marked variation in shape and size of tumor cells; greatly increased mitoses
77
grade IV tumor
tumor cells very poorly differentiated; little or no resemblance to tissue of origin; extreme variation in size and shape of tumor cells
78
TNM system basic criteria
``` T = size and invasiveness of the primary tumor N = nodal involvement M = spreading of the primary tumor to remote regions of the body (metastasis) ```
79
basal cell carcinoma
most common type of skin cancer; malignancy of the basal layer of the epidermis, or hair follicles; tumors locally invasive but rarely metastasize; tumors grow slowly and commonly ulcerate as they increase in size and develop crusting that is firm to the touch (could potentially/rarely destroy ear/nose/eyelid); treatment may include curettage and electrodessication, chemo, surgical excision, irradiation,or chemosurgery
80
squamous cell carcinoma
arises from skin that undergoes pathological hardening (keratinizing) of epidermal cells; invasive tumor with potential for metastasis;
81
predisposing factors for squamous cell carcinoma
radiation therapy, carcinogen exposure,hereditary diseases such as xeroderma pigmentosum and albinism, and presence of premalignant lesions (such as actinic keratosis or Bowen disease)
82
two types of squamous cell carcinoma
in situ (confined to original site) or invasive (penetrate the surrounding tissue)
83
malignant melanoma
a neoplasm composed of abnormal melanocytes that commonly begin in a darkly pigmented mole
84
T0
no evidence of tumor
85
Tis Stage I
carcinoma in situ indicates the tumor is in a defined location and shows no invasion into surrounding tissues
86
T1, T2, T3, T4 Stage II
primary tumor size and extent of local invasion, where T1 is small with minimal invasion and T4 is large is large with extensive local invasion into surrounding organs and tissues
87
N0
regional lymph nodes show no abnormalities
88
N1, N2, N3, N4 Stage III
Degree of lymph node involvement and spread to regional lymph nodes where N1 is less involvement with minimal spreading and N4 is more involvement with extensive spreading
89
M0
No evidence of metastasis
90
M1 Stage IV
Indicated metastasis
91
abscess
localized collection of pus at the site of an infection
92
acne
inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair follicles of the skin with characteristic lesions that include blackheads (comedos), inflammatory papules, nodules, and cysts; usually associated with seborrhea
93
alopecia
partial or complete loss of hair resulting from normal aging, an endocrine disorder, a drug reaction, anticancer medication, or a skin disease
94
Bown disease
form of intraepidermal carcinoma (squamous cell) characterized by red-brown scaly or crusted lesions that resemble a patch of psoriasis or dermatitis
95
cellulitis
diffuse (widespread) acute infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue
96
chloasma
pigmentary skin discoloration usually ocurring in yellowish brown patches or spots
97
comedo
tpyical small skin lesion of acne vulgaris caused by accumulation of keratin, bacteria, and dried sebum plugging an excretory duct of the skin
98
dermatomycosis
infection of the skin caused by fungi
99
ecchymosis
bruise
100
erthema
redness of the skin caused by swelling of the capillaries
101
eschar
damaged tissue following a severe burn
102
impetigo
bacterial skin infection characterized by isolated pustules that become crusted and rupture
103
keratosis
thickened area of the epidermis or any horny growth on the skin (such as callus or wart)
104
lentigo
small brown macules, especially on the face and arms, brought on by sun exposure, usually in a middle aged or older person
105
pediculosis
infestation with lice
106
petechia
minute, pinpoint hemorrhage under the skin
107
pressure ulcer
skin ulceration caused by prolonged pressure from lying in one position that prevents blood flow to the tissues, usually in bedridden patients
108
pruritus
intense itching
109
psoriasis
chronic skin disease characterized by circumscribed red patches covered by thick, dry, silvery, adherent scales caused by excessive development of the basal layer of the epidermis
110
purpura
any of several bleeding disorders characterized by hemorrhage into the tissues, particularly beneath the skin or mucous membranes, producing ecchymoses o peteciae
111
scabies
contagious skin disease transmitted by the itch mite, commonly through sexual contact
112
tinea
fungal skin infection whoe name commonly indicates the body part infected; also called ringworm
113
urticaria
allergic reaction of the skin characterized by the eruption of pale red, elevated patches called wheals or hives
114
verrcua
epidermal growth caused by a virus; also known as warts; types include plantar warts, juvenile warts, and venereal warts
115
vitiligo
localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches
116
chemical peel
chemical removal of the outer layers of skin to treat acne scarring and general keratoses
117
debridement
removal of necrotized tissue from a wound by surgical excision, enzymes, or chemical agents; used to promote healing and prevent infection
118
dermabrasion
rubbing using wire brushes or sandpaper to mechanically scrape away the epidermis
119
fulguration
tissue destruction by means of high frequency electric current
120
cryosurgery
subfreezing temp to destroy/eliminate abnormal tissue
121
antifungals
alter the cell wall of fungi or disrupt enzyme activity, resulting in cell death; nystatin or itraconazole
122
antihistamines
inhibit allergic rxns of inflammation, redness, and itching caused by the release of histamine; dipenhydramine or loratadine
123
BCC
basal cell carcinoma
124
CA
cancer; chronological age; cardiac arrest
125
decub
decubitus (ulcer)
126
derm
dermatology
127
IMP
impression (diagnosis)
128
subcu, Sub-Q, subQ
subcutaneous (injection)
129
ung
ointment
130
XP, XDP
xeroderma pigmentosum

Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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