Chapter 4: Body Structure Flashcards
1
Q
chromatin
A
structural component of the nucleus, composed of nucleic acids and proteins
2
Q
chromosome
A
threadlike structures within the nucleus composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule that carries hereditary information encoded in genes
3
Q
cytoplasm
A
jellylike substance found within the cell membrane composed of proteins, salts, water, dissolved gases, and nutrients
4
Q
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
A
molecule that holds genetic information capable of replicating and producing an exact copy whenever the cell divides
5
Q
diaphragm
A
muscular wall that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
6
Q
metabolism
A
sum of all physical and chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism
7
Q
organelle
A
cellular structure that provides a specialized function, such as the nucleus (reproduction), ribosomes (protein synthesis), golgi apparatus (removal of material from the cell), and lysosomes (digestion)
8
Q
pathology
A
study of the nature of diseases, their causes, development, and consequences
9
Q
peristalsis
A
rhythmic contraction and relaxation of the walls of a tubular organ to propel its contents onward
10
Q
cytology
A
the study of the body at the cellular level
11
Q
histology
A
the study of tissues
12
Q
epithelial tissues
A
covers surfaces of organs, lines cavities and canals, forms tubes and ducts, provides the secreting portions of glands, and makes up the epidermis of the skin. It is composed of cells arranged in a continuous sheet consisting of one or more layers
13
Q
connective tissue
A
supports and connects other tissues and organs. It is made up of diverse cell types, including fibroblasts, fat cells, and blood
14
Q
muscle tissue
A
provides the contractile tissue of the body, which is responsible for movement
15
Q
nervous tissue
A
transmits electrical impulses as it relays information throughout the entire body
16
Q
midsagittal (median)
A
right and left halves
17
Q
coronal (frontal)
A
anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) aspects
18
Q
transverse (horizontal)
A
superior (upper) and inferior (lower) aspects
19
Q
anatomical position
A
a body posture used to locate anatomical parts in relation to each other
20
Q
dorsal (body cavity)
A
posterior; includes the cranial and spinal cavities
21
Q
ventral (body cavity)
A
anterior; includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
22
Q
abdominopelvic divisions
A
Holds the organs of digestion (abdominal area) and the organs of reproduction and excretion (pelvic area). Divided by two anatomical methods: quadrants and regions.
23
Q
quadrants
A
four divisions of the lower torso used to show topographical location
24
Q
spinal divisions
A
cervical (neck) thoracic (chest) lumbar (loin) sacral (lower back) coccyx (tailbone)
25
major organs in the cranial cavity
brain
26
major organs in the spinal cavity
spinal cord
27
major organs in the thoracic cavity
heart, lungs, and associated structures
28
major organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs and structures
29
major structures in the right upper quadrant (RUQ)
right lobe of the liver, gallbladder, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestines
30
major structures in the left upper quadrant (LUQ)
left lobe of liver, stomach, spleen, part of pancreas, part of small and large intestines
31
major structures in the right lower quadrant (RLQ)
part of small and large intestines, appendix, right ovary,n right fallopian tube, right ureter
32
major structures in the left lower quadrant (LLQ)
part of small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter
33
Location:
Left hypochondriac region
upper left region beneath the ribs
34
Location:
Epigastric region
region above the stomach
35
Location:
Right hypochondriac region
upper right region beneath the ribs
36
Location of left lumbar region
left middle lateral region
37
Location of umbilical region
Region of the navel
38
Location of right lumbar region
right middle lateral region
39
Location of left inguinal (iliac) region
left lower lateral region
40
Location of hypogastric region
lower middle region beneath the navel
41
Location of right inguinal (iliac) region
right lower lateral region
42
abduction
movement away from the midsagittal (median) plane of the body or one of its parts
43
adduction
movement toward the midsaggital (median) plane of the body
44
medial
pertaining to the midline of the body or structure
45
lateral
pertaining to a side
46
superior (cephalad)
toward the head or upper portion of a structure
47
inferior (caudal)
away from the head, or toward the tail or lower part of a structure
48
proximal
nearer to the center (trunk of the body) or to the point of attachment to the body
49
distal
further from the center (trunk of the body) or from the point of attachment to the body
50
anterior (ventral)
front of the body
51
posterior (dorsal)
back of the body
52
parietal
pertaining to the outer wall of the body cavity
53
visceral
pertaining to the viscera, or internal organs, especially the abdominal organs
54
prone
lying on the abdomen, face down
55
supine
lying horizontally on the back, face up
56
inversion
turning inward or inside out
57
eversion
turning outward
58
palmar
pertaining to the palm of the hand
59
plantar
pertaining to the sole of the foot
60
superficial
toward the surface of the body (external)
61
deep
away from the surface of the body (internal)
62
cyt/o
cell
cyt/o/logist: specialist in study of cells
63
hist/o
tissue
hist/o/ogy: study of tissues
64
kary/o, nucle/o
nucleus
kary/o/lysis: destruction of the nucleus
65
anter/o
anterior, front
anter/ior: pertainig to the front
66
caud/o
tail
caud/ad: toward the tai
67
crani/o
cranium (skull)
crani/al: pertaining to the cranium
68
dist/o
far, farthest
dist/al: pertaining to the farthest (point of attachment)
69
dors/o
back (of body)
dors/al: pertaining to the back of the body
70
infer/o
lower, below
infer/ior: pertaining to a lower (structure or surface)
71
later/o
side, to one side
later/al: pertaining to a side
72
medi/o
middle
medi/ad: toward the middle
73
poster/o
back (of body), behind, posterior
poter/ior: pertaining to the back (of the body)
74
proxim/o
near, nearest
proxim/al: pertaining to the nearest (point of attachment)
75
ventr/o
belly, belly side
ventr/al: pertaining to the belly side (front of the body)
76
abdomin/o region
abdomen
77
cervic/o region
neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus)
78
crani/o region
cranium (skull)
79
gastr/o region
stomach
80
ili/o region
ilium (lateral, flaring portion of hip bone)
81
inguin/o region
groin
82
lumb/o region
loins (lower back)
83
pelv/i, pelv/o region
pelvis
84
spin/o region
spine
85
thorac/o region
chest
86
umbilic/o region
umbilicus, navel
87
albin/o (color)
white
88
leuk/o (color)
white
89
chlor/o (color)
green
90
chrom/o (color)
color/different
91
cirrh/o (color)
yellow
92
jaund/o (color)
yellow
93
xanth/o (color)
yellow
94
cyan/o (color)
blue
95
erythr/o (color)
red
96
melan/o (color)
black
97
poli/o (color)
gray; gray matter (of the brain or spinal cord)
98
acro/o
extremity
acr/o/cyan/osis: abnormal condition in which the extremities are blue
99
eti/o
cause
eti/o/logy: study of the causes of disease
100
idi/o
unknown, peculiar
idi/o/path/ic: pertaining to an unknown (cause of) disease
101
morph/p
form, shape, structure
morph/o/logy: study of form, shape, or structure
102
path/o
disease
path/o/logist: specialist in the study of disease
103
radi/o
radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on thumb side)
radi/o/logist: specialist in the study of radiation
104
somat/o
body
somat/ic: pertaining to the body
105
son/o
sound
son/o/graphy: process of recording sound
106
viscer/o
internal organs
viscer/al: pertaining to internal organs
107
xer/o
dry
xer/osis: abnormal condition of dryness
108
-genesis
forming, producing, origin
path/o/genesis: origin of disease
109
-gnosis
knowing
pro/gnosis: knowing before
110
-gram
record, writing
arteri/o/gram: record of an artery
111
-graph
instrument for recording
radi/o/graph: instrument for recording x-rays
112
-graphy
process of recording
arthr/o/graphy: process of recording a joint
113
-logist
specialist in the study of
dermat/o/logist: specialist in the study of skin
114
-logy
study of
hemat/o/logy: study of blood
115
-meter
instrument for measuring
term/o/meter: instrument for measuring heat
116
-metry
act of measuring
ventricul/o/metry: act of measuring the ventricles
117
-pathy
disease
gastr/o/pathy: disease of the stomach
118
etiology
the study of the cause or origin of a disease or disorder
119
adhesion
abnormal fibrous band that holds or binds together tissues that are normally separated
120
analyte
substance analyzed or tested, generally by means of laboratory methods
121
constrast medium
substance injected into the body, introduced via catheter, or swallowed to facilitate radiographic images of internal structures that otherwise are difficult to visualize on x-ray films
122
dehiscence
bursting open of a wound, especially a surgical abdominal wound
123
febrile
feverish; pertaining to a fever
124
homeostasis
relative constancy or balance in the internal environment of the body, maintained by processes of feedback and adjustment in response to external or internal changes
125
inflammation
body defense against injury, infection, or allergy that is marked by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and sometimes loss of function. Inflammation is one mechanism used by the body to protect against invasion by foreign organisms and to repair injured tissue
126
sepsis
pathological state, usually febrile, resulting from the presence of microorganisms or their products in the bloodstream
127
suppurative
producing or associated with generation of pus
128
endoscopy
visual examination of a body cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope
129
laproscopy
visual examination of the organs of the pelvis and abdomen through very small incisions in the abdominal wall
130
thoacoscopy
examination of the lungs, pleura, and pleural space with a scope inserted through a small incision between the ribs
131
complete blood count (CBC)
common blood test that enumerates red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets; measures hemoglobin ; estimates red cell volume; and sorts white blood cells into five subtypes with their percentages
132
computed tomography (CT)
imaging technique achieved by rotaring an x-ray emitter aorund the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles
133
doppler
ultrasound technique used to detect and measure blood-flow velocity and direction through the cardiac chambers, valves, and peripheral vessels by reflecting sound waves off moving blood cells
134
fluoroscopy
radiographic technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays continuous motion images of internal structures
135
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
noninvasice technique that uses radiowaves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross sectional images
136
nuclear scan
diagnostic technique that uses a radioactive material called a tracer that is introduced into the body and a specialized camera to produce images of organs and structures
137
positron emission tomography (PET)
scanning technique using computed tomography to record the positrons emitted from a radiopharmaceutical, that produces a cross-sectional image of metabloic activity in body tissues to determine the presence of disease
138
single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
radiological technique that integrates computed tomography (CT) and a radioactive material (tracer) injected into the bloodstream to visiualize blood flow to tissues and organs
139
tomography
radiographic technique that produces an image representing a detailed cross section of an area, tissue, or organ at a predetermined depth
140
ultrasonography
imaging procedure using high-frequency sound waves that display the reflected echoes on a monitor
141
frozen section biopsy
ultra-thin slice of tissue cut from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination
142
needle biopsy
removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe
143
punch biopsy
removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow instrument (punch)
144
shave biopsy
removal of tissue using a surgical blade to shave elevated lesions
145
otorhinolaryngology
ENT branch of medicine
146
rheumatology
study of watery flow; diseases characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or derangement of connective tissues and related structures
147
ablation
removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radio frequency (RF)
148
anastomosis
surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another
149
cauterize
destroy tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals
150
curettage
scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a curette
151
incision and drainage (I&D)
incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity
152
laser surgery
surgical technique employing a device that emits intense heat and power at close range to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissues
153
radical dissection
surgical removal of tissue in an extensive area surrounding the surgical site in an attempt to excise all the tissue that may be malignant and decrease the chance of recurrence
154
resection
partial excision of a bone, organ, or other structure
155
ant
anterior
156
AP
anteroposterior
157
Bx, bx
biopsy
158
CBC
complete blood count
159
CT
computed tomography
160
DSA
digital subtraction angiography
161
Dx
diagnosis
162
FS
frozen section
163
I&D
incision and drainage
164
LAT, lat
lateral
165
LLQ
left lower quadrant
166
LUQ
left upper quadrant
167
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
168
PET
positron emission tomography
169
post
posterior
170
RF
rheumatoid factor; radio frequency
171
RLQ
right lower quadrant
172
RUQ
right upper quadrant
173
sono
sonogram
174
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography
175
Sx
symptom
176
Tx
treatment
177
UA
urinalysis
178
U&L, U/L
upper and lower
179
US
ultrasound ultrasonography
