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Medical Terminology > Chapter 6: Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

dentin

A

main structure of the tooth, beneath the enamel

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2
Q

pulp

A

innermost part of the tooth which contains nerves and blood vessels

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3
Q

deglutition

A

swallowing

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4
Q

bilirubin

A

orange colored or yellowish pigment in bile

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5
Q

exocrine

A

denotes a gland that secretes its products through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

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6
Q

hard palate

A

anterior portion of the roof of the mouth

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7
Q

soft palate

A

posterior portion of the roof of the mouth, forms a partition between the mouth and the nasopharynx

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8
Q

pharynx

A

throat; food guided through via V-shaped structure called the uvula

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9
Q

epiglottis

A

small flap of cartilage that folds back to cover the trachea during swallowing

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10
Q

lower esophogeal (cardiac) sphincter

A

terminal portion of the esophogus; prevents stomach contents from regurgitating back into the esophagus

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11
Q

parts of the stomach

A

body (large, central), fundus (upper portion), pylorus (funnel-shaped terminal portion)

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12
Q

rugae

A

macroscopic longitudinal folds that gradually unfold as the stomach fills; digestive glands reside within folds

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13
Q

chyme

A

semiliquid form of the bolus (that forms after passing thru the stomach)

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14
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

between stomach and duodenum

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15
Q

divisions of the small intestine

A

duodenum –> jejunum –> ileum

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16
Q

ileocecal valve

A

sphincter muscle that allows undigested or unabsorbed material from the small intestine to pas into the large intestine and eventually be excreted from the body

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17
Q

divisions of the large intestine

A

cecum, colon, rectum

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18
Q

appendix

A

projecting downward from the cecum; unknown function

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19
Q

functions of the liver

A

produce bile to emulsify and absorb fats; remove glucose from blood to synthesize glycogen; store vitamins; destroy/transform toxic products; maintain normal glucose levels; destroy old erythrocytes and release bilirubin; produce various blood proteins

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20
Q

pancreas

A

exocrine/endocrine gland

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21
Q

function of the digestive system in blood, lymph, and immune

A

liver regulates blood glucose levels; digestive tract secretes acids and enzymes to provide a hostile environment for pathogens; intestinal walls contain lymphoid nodules that help prevent invasion of pathogens; digestive system absorbs vitamin K for blood clotting

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22
Q

function of the digestive system in the CV system

A

digestive system absorbs nutrients needed by the heart

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23
Q

function of the digestive system in the endocrine system

A

liver eliminates hormones from the blood to end their activity; pancreas contains hormone-producing cells

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24
Q

function of the digestive system in the female repro.

A

digestive system provides adequate nutrition, including fats, to make conception and normal fetal development possible; provides nutrients for repair of endometrium following menstruaction

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25
Q

function of the digestive system in genitourinary

A

provides adequate nutrients in the development of viable sperm; liver metabolizes hormones, toxins, and drugs to forms that can be excreted in urine

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26
Q

function of the digestive system in inegumentary

A

supplies fats that provide insulation in the dermis and subcutaneous tissue; absorbs nutrients for maintenance, growth, and repair of the skin

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27
Q

function of the digestive system in musculoskepetal

A

provides nutrients needed for energy fuel; absorbs calcium needed for bone salts and muscle contraction; liver removes lactic acid from the blood

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28
Q

function of the digestive system in nervous

A

supplies nutrients for normal neural functioning; provides nutrients for synthesis of neurotransmitters and electrolytes for transmission of a nervous impulse; liver helps maintain glucose levels for neural function

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29
Q

function of the digestive system in respiratory

A

absorbs nutrients needed by cells in the lungs and other tissues in the respiratory tract; pharynx shared by the digestive and respiratory tract

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30
Q

or/o

A

mouth

or/al: pertaining to the mouth

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31
Q

stomat/o

A

mouth

stomat/itis: inflammation of the mouth

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32
Q

gloss/o

A

tongue

gloss/ectomy: removal of all or part of the tongue

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33
Q

lingu/o

A

tongue

lingu/al: pertaining to the tongue

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34
Q

bucc/o

A

cheek

bucc/al: pertaining to the cheek

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35
Q

cheil/o

A

lip

cheil/o/plasty: surgical repair of a defective lip

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36
Q

labi/o

A

lip

labi/al: pertaining to the lips

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37
Q

sial/o

A

saliva, salivary gland

sial/o/ith: calculus formed in a salivary gland or duct

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38
Q

enter/o

A

intestine, usually small intestine

enter/o/pathy: disease of the intestine

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39
Q

proct/o

A

anus, rectum

proct/o/logist: physician who specializes in treating disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus

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40
Q

cholangi/o

A

bile vessel

cholangi/ole: small terminal portion of the bile duct

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41
Q

chol/e

A

bile, gall

chol/e/lith: gallstone

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42
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gall bladder

cholecyst/ectomy: removal of the gall bladder

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43
Q

choledoch/o

A

bile duct

choledoch/o/plasty: surgical repair of the common bile duct

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44
Q

-orexia

A

appetite

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45
Q

-pepsia

A

digestion

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46
Q

-prandial

A

meal

post/prandial: following a meal

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47
Q

gastroenterology

A

branch of medicine concerned with digestive diseases

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48
Q

peptic ulcers

A

gastric ulcers in the stomach or duodenal ulcers in the duodenum

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49
Q

peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

H. pylori is the leading cause, take antibiotics and other stuff

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50
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum; profuse, watery diarrhea containing varying amounts of blood, mucus, and pus; associated with higher risks of colon cancer

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51
Q

inguinal hernia

A

develops in the groin where the abdominal folds of flesh meet the thighs

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52
Q

strangulated hernia

A

develops if blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure; leads to necrosis with gangrene

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53
Q

hernias in the diaphragm

A

diaphragmatic hernia (a congenital disorder) and hiatal hernia (lower part of the esophagus and the top of the stomach slides through an opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm into the thorax; can cause GERD)

54
Q

mechanical blockage

A

form of intestinal obstruction; contents of the intestine are prevented from moving foward due to an obstacle of barrier that blocks the lumen

55
Q

nonmechanical blockage

A

peristaltic movement is lacking or absent and contents are no longer propelled through the intestine

56
Q

adhesions

A

scar tissues

57
Q

volvolus

A

intestinal twisting

58
Q

intussusceptions

A

intestinal ‘telescoping’ where part of the intestine slips into another part just beneath it

59
Q

hemorrhoids

A

enlarged veins in the mucous membrane of the anal canal; may bleed, hurt, or itch

60
Q

diverticulosis

A

condition in which small blisterlike pockets (diverticula) develop in the inner lining of the large intestine and may balloon through the intestinal wall; do not become a problem until they become inflamed

61
Q

obstipation

A

extreme constipation

62
Q

gastric adenocarcinoma

A

cancerous glandular tumor

63
Q

ascites

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

64
Q

borborygmus

A

rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine

65
Q

cachexia

A

physical wasting that includes loss of weight and muscle mass; commonly associated with AIDS and cancer

66
Q

cholelithiasis

A

presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct

67
Q

cirrhosis

A

scarring and dysfunction of the liver cause by chronic liver disease

68
Q

colic

A

spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ especially in the colon, accompanied by pain

69
Q

Chrohn disease

A

chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestinal tract; also called regional enteritis

70
Q

deglutition

A

act of swallowing

71
Q

dysentery

A

inflammation of the intestine, especially the colon, that may be caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protazoa, or parasites, which results in bloody diarrhea

72
Q

dyspepsia

A

epigastric discomfort felt after eating; also called indigestion

73
Q

dysphagia

A

inability or difficulty in swallowing

74
Q

eructation

A

producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound; also called belching

75
Q

fecalith

A

fecal concretion

76
Q

flatus

A

gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus

77
Q

gastroesophogeal reflux disease (GERD)

A

backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to a malfunction of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esophagus

78
Q

halitosis

A

bad breath

79
Q

hematemesis

A

vomiting of blood from bleeding in the stomach or esophagus

80
Q

IBS

A

symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function for which no organic cause cannot be determined

81
Q

malabsorption symptom

A

symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal villi into the blood or lymph

82
Q

melena

A

passage of dark-colored, tarry stools due to the presence of blood altered by intestinal juices

83
Q

oral leukoplakia

A

formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips, or cheek caused primarily by irritation

84
Q

pyloric stenosis

A

stricture or narrowing of the pyloric sphyincter at the outlet of the stomach, causing an obstruction that blocks the flow of food into the small intestine

85
Q

steatorrhea

A

passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it

86
Q

stool guaiac

A

applying a substance called guaiac to a stool sample to detect presence of occult blood in the feces

87
Q

cholecystography

A

radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet

88
Q

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

A

endoscopic procedure that provides radiographic visualization of the bile and pancreatic ducts to identify partial or total obstructions, as well as stones, cysts, and tumors

89
Q

percutaneous transhepatic colangiography (PTCP)

A

radiographic examination of bile duct structures

90
Q

sialography

A

radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts

91
Q

lithotripsy

A

procedure for crushing a stone and eliminating its fragments either surgically or using ultrasonic shock waves

92
Q

pyloromyotomy

A

incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus; used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

93
Q

antimetics

A

control nausea and vomiting by blocking nerve impulses to the vomiting center of the brain

94
Q

ABC

A

aspiration biopsy cytology

95
Q

alk phos

A

alkaline phospatase

96
Q

ALT

A

alanine amino transferase

97
Q

AST

A

angiotensin sensitivity

98
Q

Ba

A

barium

99
Q

BaE, BE

A

barium enema

100
Q

BM

A

bowel movement

101
Q

EGD

A

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

102
Q

ERCP

A

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

103
Q

GB

A

gallbladder

104
Q

GBS

A

gall bladder series

105
Q

GER

A

gastroesophageal reflux

106
Q

HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV

A

hepatitis A, B, C, D, or E virus

107
Q

LFT

A

liver function test

108
Q

NG

A

nasogastric

109
Q

PE

A

physical examination

110
Q

PTHC

A

percutaneous transhepatic cholangeography

111
Q

PMH

A

past medical history

112
Q

PUD

A

peptic ulcer disease

113
Q

RGB

A

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass

114
Q

R/O

A

rule out

115
Q

a.c.

A

before meals

116
Q

b.i.d.

A

twice a day

117
Q

hs

A

half strength

118
Q

h.s.

A

at bedtime

119
Q

NPO, n.p.o.

A

nothing by mouth

120
Q

pc, p.c.

A

after meals

121
Q

p.o.

A

by mouth

122
Q

p.r.n.

A

as required

123
Q

qAM

A

every morning

124
Q

q.d.

A

every day

125
Q

q.h.

A

every hour

126
Q

q.2h.

A

every two hours

127
Q

q.i.d.

A

four times a day

128
Q

q.o.d.

A

every other day

129
Q

qPM

A

every evening

130
Q

t.i.d.

A

three times a day

Medical Terminology (7 decks)

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